151 of the 301 complaints about the 2006 Scion XB are about the glass, mirrors and wipers — 50% of everything reported for this model year. Half of the failures with a mileage on record happened before 20,000 miles.
151
Complaints
0
Crashes
0
Fires
0
Injuries
Filed with NHTSA, in their own words.
VISIBILITY/WIPER
TAKATA RECALL: THE WINDSHIELD OFTER GETS HIT WITH ROCKS/PEBBLES AND CRACKS THE WINDSHIELD DUE TO THE FLATNESS AND ANGLE OF THE WINDOWS. WINDOW IS CONSTANTLY CRACKED.
NHTSA complaint #11162813 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY/WIPER
TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2006 SCION XB. THE CONTACT STATED THAT THERE WAS A LARGE CRACK ON THE DRIVER SIDE OF THE VEHICLE. THE CONTACT WAS CONCERNED THAT THE WINDSHIELD WOULD FRACTURE ENTIRELY CAUSING INJURIES OR A CRASH WHILE DRIVING. THE VEHICLE WAS NOT TAKEN TO A DEALER FOR REPAIRS. THE MANUFACTURER WAS MADE AWARE OF THE FAILURE. THE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 30,000.
NHTSA complaint #11047923 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY/WIPER
THE FRONT WINDSHIELD CRACKED SITTING IN THE DRIVEWAY WHILE THE VEHICLE WAS NOT BEING USED. NOTHING HIT IT OR HAPPENED TO THE CAR. IT WAS JUST SITTING IN MY DRIVEWAY FACING THE SUN. I HAD JUST BEEN IN THE VEHICLE 15 MINUTES EARLIER GETTING SOMETHING OUT OF IT AND THE WINDSHIELD WAS FINE. THE NEXT TIME I LOOKED AT IT A CRACK DEVELOPED AT THE TOP OF THE WINDSHIELD BEHIND THE REAR VIEW MIRROR THAT BRANCHED OUT INTO TWO HORIZONTAL LINES. LOOKING ONLINE THIS SEEMS TO BE A VERY COMMON PROBLEM WITH THIS YEAR SCION.
NHTSA complaint #10714415 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY:WINDSHIELD
OUT OF NO WHERE; NO TREES, NO TRUCKS IN FRONT OF ME OR ANY OTHER VEHICLES, ON A CLEAR DAY, MY WINDSHIELD MADE A LOUD POP NOISE AND IT CRACKED FROM THE TOP PASSENGER SIDE EDGE TO THE CENTER OF THE WINDSHIELD. IT SLOWLY CREEPED ACROSS TO THE MID-LINE OF VISIBILITY ON THE DRIVER SIDE OVER THE NEXT 24 HRS. -- I WAS SURPRISED TO LEARN THIS IS A COMMON ISSUE WITH THIS YEAR AND MODEL!
NHTSA complaint #10690754 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY:WINDSHIELD
HAD VEHICLE FOR A YEAR WHEN MY WINDSHIELD CRACKED FOR THE FIRST TIME. A YEAR LATER ANOTHER CRACK APPEARED. I DID RESEARCH AND IT SEEMS LIKE THIS MODEL IN PARTICULAR HAD WINDSHIELD PROBLEMS AND CONTINUOUSLY CRACKED EASILY. I BELIEVE THIS IS A HUGE SAFETY ISSUE AS IT AFFECTS VISIBILITY TREMENDOUSLY AND CONTINUES TO BE AN ONGOING OCCURRENCE. AS MOST WARRANTY HAVE EXPIRED BY NOW, A RECALL ON THESE WINDSHIELD SHOULD BE IN PROCESSED.
NHTSA complaint #10471410 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY/WIPER
HAD VEHICLE FOR A YEAR WHEN MY WINDSHIELD CRACKED FOR THE FIRST TIME. A YEAR LATER ANOTHER CRACK APPEARED. I DID RESEARCH AND IT SEEMS LIKE THIS MODEL IN PARTICULAR HAD WINDSHIELD PROBLEMS AND CONTINUOUSLY CRACKED EASILY. I BELIEVE THIS IS A HUGE SAFETY ISSUE AS IT AFFECTS VISIBILITY TREMENDOUSLY AND CONTINUES TO BE AN ONGOING OCCURRENCE. AS MOST WARRANTY HAVE EXPIRED BY NOW, A RECALL ON THESE WINDSHIELD SHOULD BE IN PROCESSED.
NHTSA complaint #10471410 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY:WINDSHIELD
PROBLEM #1: FRONT WINDSHIELD CRACKED. I REPLACED THE WINDSHIELD AND IT CRACKED AGAIN ON THE REPLACEMENT. A SMALL PEBBLE HIT THE WINDSHIELD WHILE DRIVING ON THE FREEWAY THAT CAUSED IT TO CRACK. PROBLEM #2: REAR HATCH HANDLE BROKE WHEN IT WAS USED. I OPENED THE REAR HATCH HANDLE AND THE PLASTIC PIECE BROKE OFF IN THE PROCESS ALMOST INJURING MY HAND. I CONTACTED SCION ABOUT THE SITUATION THEY THAT THEY WERE AWARE OF. THEY REQUIRED ME TO RECEIVE AN ASSESSMENT FROM THE DEALER. I DROVE TO MY NEAREST DEALER AND THEY DID NOT REQUIRE AN ASSESSMENT BECAUSE THEY SAID THE PROBLEM WAS ALREADY KNOWN. I CONTACTED SCION AGAIN AND THEY GET BACK TO ME FOR A SOLUTION. THE SOLUTION WAS FOR ME TO REPLACE THE REAR HANDLE WITH A HIGH PRICE AMOUNT. THE REAR HANDLE EXPENSIVE SHOULD HAVE BEEN TAKEN CARE OF ON SCION'S END, ESPECIALLY WHEN A NEAR INJURY COULD HAVE TAKE PLACE. I RECEIVED CASE NUMBER FOR MY RECORDS.
NHTSA complaint #10442221 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY
FRONT WINDSHIELD DEVELOPED AN 'L' SHAPED CRACK FROM THE TOP CENTER OF THE WINDSHIELD BEHIND THE REARVIEW MIRROR EXTENDING TO THE PASSENGER SIDE. AT FIRST I THOUGHT SOMETHING HIT IT ON MY WAY HOME AND FOR SOME REASON I DIDN'T NOTICE... WHEN I INSPECTED IT, THERE WAS NO SIGN OF ANYTHING HITTING IT, NO DING NO ANYTHING, IT SEEMED TO JUST APPEAR OVERNIGHT. I TOOK IT TO THE DEALER ONLY TO BE TOLD THAT I HAD GONE OVER THE 36000 MILE BUMPER TO BUMPER WARRANTY BY A COUPLE HUNDRED MILES. I LOVE MY CAR, BUT THE MORE I READ THE MORE DISCOURAGED I GET. IT SEEMS IF I PAY TO REPLACE THE WINDSHIELD, IT WILL ONLY BREAK AGAIN. IF I DON'T HAVE IT REPLACED, I COULD BE DECAPITATED OR CRUSHED IN AN ACCIDENT. FOR ONLY HAVING 36700 MILES THAT SHOULDN'T HAVE HAPPENED UNPROVOKED.
NHTSA complaint #10422525 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY
MY CAR WAS PARKED IN MY DRIVEWAY OVER NIGHT. THE NEXT DAY WHEN I WENT OUTSIDE TO WASH THE CAR I NOTICED THERE WAS A VERY LARGE 'L' SHAPED CRACK RUNNING THE LENGTH OF APPROX. 3' FROM THE TOP OF THE WINDSHIELD DOWN, THEN CURVING AND RUNNING FOR ANOTHER 17' TOWARDS THE DRIVER'S SIDE. THIS LARGE OF A CRACK HAPPENED OVERNIGHT!! THE CRACK HAS SEEMINGLY APPEARED OUT OF NOWHERE AS THERE IS NO OTHER DAMAGE THAT THE CRACK WOULD HAVE ORIGINATED FROM; IT APPEARS TO BEGIN UNDER THE TRIM OF THE WINDSHIELD. I HAVE DONE QUITE A BIT OF RESEARCH AND DISCOVERED THAT THIS SAME PROBLEM HAS BEEN EXPERIENCED BY MANY OTHER SCION XB OWNERS. THIS WOULD LEAD ME TO BELIEVE THAT THE WINDSHIELDS TOYOTA INSTALLED IN THE XB MODEL ARE DEFECTIVE. AGAIN, MY CAR WAS PARKED IN MY DRIVEWAY OVERNIGHT AND I LIVE IN A VERY QUIET RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOOD.
NHTSA complaint #10334910 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY
MY 2006 SCION XB HAS A CRACK ON THE FRONT WINDSHIELD, STARTING FROM THE CENTER TOP EXTENDING STRAIGHT DOWNWARD APPROXIMATELY 6 INCHES AND THEN PROCEEDS TO CRACK IN THE DIRECTION TOWARDS THE DRIVERS SIDE WHICH AGAIN EXTENDS ANOTHER 6 INCHES. THE CRACK HAS NO VISIBLE POINT OF IMPACT FROM A ROCK OR FOREIGN OBJECT AND ORIGINATES FROM ON TOP OF THE WINDSHIELD BEHIND THE TRIM. UPON FURTHER INVESTIGATION AND SEARCHING ONLINE I FOUND MANY OTHER SCION XB CONSUMERS WHO SHARE THE SAME EXACT CRACK SIMILAR TO MINE. IT IS CLEARLY DUE TO THE TOYOTA OEM WINDSHIELD BEING DEFECTIVE, CAUSING THE WINDSHIELD TO CRACK ON ITS OWN. THE SCION XB WAS PARKED IN A PARKING LOT IN RESIDENTIAL WHEN FIRST NOTICED.
NHTSA complaint #10331204 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY
CAME OUT TO THE CAR THIS MORNING TO FIND A " L " SHAPED CRACK STARTING FROM THE TOP MIDDLE OF THE WINDSHIELD DOWN ABOUT 8 INCHES, AND TAKING A 90 DEGREE TURN TWORDS THE DRIVER SIDE FOR ANOTHER 12 INCHES. UPON INSPECTION THE CRACK HAS NO IMPACT POINT AND LOOKS TO HAVE STARTED FROM BEHIND THE WEATHER STRIPPING. CONTACTED MY LOCAL DEALER AND THEY REFUSE TO BELIEVE THERE IS A COMMON PROBLEM. A SIMPLE GOOGLE SEARCH OF 'SCION XB WINDSHIELD' TURNS UP THOUSANDS OF RESULTS AND A CLASS ACTION LAWSUIT. REPAIR ESTIMATE; 680$.
NHTSA complaint #10320759 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY
FOLLOW UP TO COMPLAINT # 10203228. MY WINDSHIELD HAS SUSTAINED TWO MORE BRAKES. I'M READY FOR MY FIFTH WINDSHIELD IN FOUR YEARS. ALL BRAKES HAVE OCCURRED ON PAVED ROADS.
NHTSA complaint #10316185 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY
THE WINDSHIELD ON MY 2006 SCION XB CRACKED (FULL LENGTH OF THE WINDSHIELD) WHILE THE VEHICLE WAS STATIONARY. THE VEHICLE WAS PARKED IN MY DRIVEWAY. THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE OF IMPACT. CURIOUS WHY IT WOULD CRACK WHILE THE VEHICLE WAS PARKED I SEARCHED THE INTERNET AND DISCOVERED THAT NUMEROUS OTHERS SCION XB OWNERS WERE REPORTING AN IDENTICAL SITUATION.
NHTSA complaint #10313504 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY:WINDSHIELD
CRACKWINDSHIELD: I HAVE(MY INSURANCE COMPANY) HAS REPLACED 3 WINDSHIELDS IN MY 2006 SCION XB AND I CURRENTLY HAVE A (L) SHAPE CRACK IN MY WINDSHIELD, WHICH STARTS AT HE TOP OF MY REAR-VIEW MIRROR. IF I DECIDE TO REPLACE THIS WINDSHIELD THIS WILL BE NUMBER 4. I HAVE COMPLAINED TO THE TOYOTA DEALERSHIP WHEN-EVER I BRING MY CAR IN FOR MAINTENANCE AND I HAVE BEEN ADVISED THAT THE WINDSHIELD IS THICKER THAN MOST DUE TO THE SHAPE OF THE GLASS! HAH! THIS IS SERIOUSLY A PROBLEM. IF I CONTACT MY INSURANCE COMPANY THEY REPLACE THE GLASS, IF I WANT TO CONSIDER A NEW INSURANCE COMPANY THEY CONSIDER THIS A CLAIM AGAINST MY POLICY AND THIS MAKES MY INSURANCE COVERAGE HIGHER WITH OTHER INSURANCE COMPANIES, WHICH OF COURSE LIMITS MY OPTIONS! THIS WINDSHIELD SITUATION IS COSTLY AND DANGEROUS!
NHTSA complaint #10310611 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY
TOYOTA SCION XB, 2006: WINDSHIELD HAS BEEN CRACKING ONGOING BEGINNING 2 WEEKS AFTER I PURCHASED THIS CAR. TOYOTA/SCION REFUSES TO ACKNOWLEDGE THIS ONGOING PROBLEM, AND OFFERS NO REPLACEMENT. I REPLACED 2 WINDSHIELDS WITHIN A YEAR AND LIVED WITH ANOTHER CRACK FOR 3 YEARS UNTIL NOW, AS I HAVE ACCUMULATED 3 CRACKS. TOYOTA OFFERS ME THE CHANCE TO PAY TWICE AS MUCH FOR THEIR GLASS AS THE COST FOR AFTERMARKET REPLACEMENT.
NHTSA complaint #10305639 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY:REAR WINDOW WIPER/WASHER
TOYOTA SCION XB, 2006: WINDSHIELD HAS BEEN CRACKING ONGOING BEGINNING 2 WEEKS AFTER I PURCHASED THIS CAR. TOYOTA/SCION REFUSES TO ACKNOWLEDGE THIS ONGOING PROBLEM, AND OFFERS NO REPLACEMENT. I REPLACED 2 WINDSHIELDS WITHIN A YEAR AND LIVED WITH ANOTHER CRACK FOR 3 YEARS UNTIL NOW, AS I HAVE ACCUMULATED 3 CRACKS. TOYOTA OFFERS ME THE CHANCE TO PAY TWICE AS MUCH FOR THEIR GLASS AS THE COST FOR AFTERMARKET REPLACEMENT.
NHTSA complaint #10305639 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY
THIS IS MY SECOND COMPLAINT AROUND THIS ISSUE. MY 2006 SCION XB HAS A CRACKED WINDSHIELD. THIS IS THE SECOND TIME! MY RESEARCH INDICATES THIS IS AN UNUSUALLY COMMON PROBLEM IN THIS MODEL AND I NOTE THAT THIS WILL BE THE 89TH COMPLAINT OF THIS TYPE ON THIS SITE. I HAVE TRAVELED HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF MILES IN MY LIFE AND MY WINDSHIELD HAS BEEN HIT BY ROCKS ON MANY OCCASIONS. NOT ONCE HAVE THOSE STRIKES RESULTED IN A FATALLY CRACKED WINDSHIELD UNTIL MY SCION. A SMALL NICK WILL ALMOST INVARIABLY END UP IN MAJOR CRACK. I WAS TOLD BY THE DEALERSHIP THAT THIS IS BECAUSE OF HOW THE WINDSHIELD IS SLOPED. I BELIEVE IT IS A CHEAP PIECE OF GLASS OR A DESIGN FLAW OF SOME KIND. AT $500 A WINDSHIELD IT IS BECOMING AN EXPENSIVE PROPOSITION TO OWN THIS VEHICLE.
NHTSA complaint #10304913 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY:WINDSHIELD
ON TUESDAY JANUARY 19, 2010 ON MY WAY HOME FROM WORK I NOTICED A SMALL CRACK IN THE CENTER OF MY WINDSHIELD RIGHT BEHIND THE REARVIEW MIRROR OF MY 2006 SCION XB. I WAS GOING TO TAKE IT TO A SHOP TO BE REPAIRED ON WEDNESDAY, ON WEDNESDAY MORNING I SAW THE CRACK HAD DOUBLED IN SIZE AND WAS IN THE SHAPE OF AN L GOING TOWARDS THE DRIVERS SIDE AND WAS BEYOND ABILITY TO REPAIR. I THOUGHT IT COULD HAVE BEEN A ROCK THAT CAUSED THE DAMAGE, BUT I COULD NOT RECALL A ROCK CAUSING SUCH DAMAGE IN SO LITTLE TIME. SO I DID SOME RESEARCH ONLINE TO SEE THAT THERE ARE HUNDREDS IF NOT THOUSANDS OF COMPLAINTS OF THE L SHAPE CRACK IN THE 2004 - 2006 SCION XB WINDSHIELD. I DID MORE RESEARCH AND I WAS TOLD TO FILE A COMPLAINT WITH NHTSA IN HOPE IT COULD BE RESOLVED SINCE THIS IS A SAFETY HAZARD.
NHTSA complaint #10302275 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY:WINDSHIELD
FOR THE SECOND TIME, THE WINDSHIELD ON MY 2006 SCION XB HAS DEVELOPED A LARGE CRACK AND WILL NEED TO BE REPLACED. IN NEITHER INSTANCE DO I RECALL ANYTHING HITTING THE WINDSHIELD. *TR THE CURRENT CRACK DEVELOPED OVERNIGHT WHILE THE CAR WAS PARKED. IN MY EXPERIENCE, THIS FREQUENCY OF WINDSHIELD CRACKING IS HIGHLY UNUSUAL. I THINK THE WINDSHIELDS (OR PERHAPS THE WINDSHIELD MOUNTS) MUST BE DEFECTIVE.
NHTSA complaint #10296501 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY
WINDSHIELD ON MY 2006 SCION XB CRACKED OVERNIGHT WHILE SITTING IN MY DRIVEWAY. I DISCOVERED A CRACK STARTING FROM THE EDGE OF THE WINDSHIELD, APPROX EYE-LEVEL ON THE DRIVERS SIDE. THE CRACK EXTENDS ABOUT 10 INCHES DOWNWARD AT A 45 DEGREE ANGLE. THERE WERE NO SIGNS OF A ROCK CHIP OR OTHER EXTERIOR DAMAGE TO THE WINDSHIELD. THIS CRACK WAS NOT PRESENT THE EVENING BEFORE THEN THE CAR WAS PARKED.
NHTSA complaint #10295493 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY:WINDSHIELD
I OWN A 2006 SCION XB AND I HAVE A HUGE CRACK THAT APPEARED OUT OF NOWHERE ON MY WINDSHIELD. THIS CRACK STARTED OUT BIG, AND THEN ONLY GOT BIGGER WITH TIME. UPON DOING MUCH RESEARCH, I HAVE LEARNED THAT THIS IS A VERY COMMON COMPLAIN WITH THE 2004-2006 SCION XB MOFELS AND I BELIEVE IT IS A SAFETY HAZARD.
NHTSA complaint #10285855 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY
ON SEPTEMBER 25 TH MY FAMILY AND I WENT TO THE FAIR IN OUR TOWN IN OUR 2006 SCION XB. CAME HOME PARKED IT IN THE DRIVE WAY AND THE NEXT MORNING WE GOT UP WENT OUTSIDE AROUND 10:00 A.M. TO WASH OUR CARS AND THE WINDSHIELD IN THE SCION WAS BROKEN. THERE IS A CRACK FROM THE REAR VIEW MIRROR IN A V SHAPE GOING HALF WAY DOWN THE WINDSHIELD. I HAVE BEEN LOOKING LINE AND HAVE FOUND THAT THIS HAPPENS WITH THIS CAR. THERE WAS EVEN A CLASS ACTION LAW SUITE ON IN.
NHTSA complaint #10285692 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY
2006 SCION XB WINDSHIELD CRACK IN MIDDLE OF REARVIEW MIRROR IN TO A "L" SHAPE ! NO APPARENT DAMAGE WOKE UP ONE MORNING AND WAS CRACKED!!
NHTSA complaint #10279782 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY
2006 SCION XB. WHILE PARKED IN DRIVEWAY OVERNIGHT, A LARGE CRACK DEVELOPED RUNNING DOWN BEHIND THE REARVIEW MIRROR AND THEN MAKING A 90 DEGREE TURN TOWARDS THE DRIVER SIDE.
NHTSA complaint #10278882 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY:POWER WINDOW DEVICES AND CONTROLS
REAR POWER WINDOWS FAIL TO OPERATE. SAFETY HAZARD IN HOT CLIMATES. TOYOTA HAS ACKNOWLEDGED IN A TECHNICAL SERVICE BULLETIN, BUT REPAIRS NOT COVERED EXCEPT UNDER 3 YEAR/36K MILE FACTORY WARRANTY. SUGGEST A RECALL TO REPAIR THIS SAFETY HAZARD, ESPECIALLY IN HOT CLIMATES WHERE CHILDREN CAN BE TRAPPED IN THE VEHICLE IF UNABLE TO OPERATE THE WINDOWS CORRECTLY.
NHTSA complaint #10276905 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY
TWO MONTHS AGO, AS I WAS DRIVING ON THE FREEWAY DURING RUSH HOUR, I HEARD A NOISE. AT FIRST, I DID NOT NOTICE ANYTHING DIFFERENT UNTIL I THEN GLANCED AT THE PASSENGER SIDE OF MY WINDSHIELD. THERE WAS A CRACK STARTING FROM THE TOP OF THE WINDSHIELD TO ABOUT A 1/3 DOWN. IT HAS SLOWLY BEEN GETTING LONGER AND IS NOW HALFWAY TO THE DRIVER'S SIDE. WHEN I GOT OUT OF THE CAR TO EXAMINE THE CRACK, THERE IS NO SIGN OF A ROCK OR ANY OTHER ITEM HITTING THE WINDSHIELD. MY INSURANCE WILL ONLY COVER IT AFTER I PAY MY DEDUCTIBLE (WHICH IS MORE THAN A NEW WINDSHIELD WOULD COST ME).
NHTSA complaint #10275376 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY
WOKE UP TO A CRACKED WINDSHIELD BEHIND THE REARVIEW MIRROR. LINE CRACK THAT IS SPREADING SLOWLY.
NHTSA complaint #10267422 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY
WINDSHIELD CRACKED ON PASSENGER SIDE WHILE VEHICLE SAT IN CLOSED GARAGE OVERNIGHT.
NHTSA complaint #10266072 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY:WINDSHIELD
THIS HAS TO DO WITH FRONT WINDSHIELD CRACKING. OUR WINDSHIELD HAS SEVERAL CRACKS FROM A COUPLE OF MINOR HITS BY WHAT I WOULD CONSIDER SMALL PEBBLES. SEVERAL CRACKS HAVE FORMED AND THEY ARE NOW JOINING TOGETHER. I HAVE READ ON LINE THAT THIS IS A PROBLEM WITH THESE CAR'S AND THEREFORE MAY BE A DEFECT.
NHTSA complaint #10266168 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
VISIBILITY
PULLED MY 2006 SCION XB INTO THE GARAGE AFTER WAXING IT. ABOUT 30 MINUTES LATER GOT IN TO PULL IT OUT OF THE GARAGE AND THERE WAS A LARGE "L" SHAPED CRACK IN THE MIDDLE OF THE WINDSHIELD.
NHTSA complaint #10265973 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.