FaultScore

FaultScore report

1999 Volvo C70 Convertible problems

Owners have filed 10 complaints about the 1999 Volvo C70 Convertible with NHTSA between 2005 and 2010. The largest single group is the acceleration & cruise control. Across this model's run it ranks 2 of 3 worst.

C

FaultScore 48/100

Higher is worse. Measured against the other years of the Volvo C70 Convertible.

How this is worked out

The numbers

10

Complaints

2

Crashes reported

0

Fires reported

0

Injuries reported

105,182 mi

Median mileage at failure

Half of reported failures happened before this

0%

Failed under 36,000 miles

Inside a typical bumper-to-bumper warranty

What kind of bad

The letter says how bad. This says what kind — whether this year drew an unusual number of complaints, unusually dangerous ones, or failures that arrived unusually early.

Complaint volume 35 vs 50 Severity 100 vs 50 Early failure 0 vs 50
The dashed ring is 50 — the national norm. Further out is worse.
Complaint volume — 35
Against the median year of the Volvo C70 Convertible. 50 means typical for this model; 100 means roughly double.
Severity — 100
20% of these complaints involved a crash, fire, injury or death, against a national rate of 9.7%.
Early failure — 0
0% of failures with a mileage on record happened under 36,000 miles, against a national rate of 29%.

How 1999 compares with every other Volvo C70 Convertible

Click any bar to open that year's report.

Complaints filed with NHTSA, by model year. Bar colour is the FaultScore grade: A B C D F ungraded

What breaks on a 1999 Volvo C70 Convertible

Every complaint is filed against a part. Follow any row for the complaints about that part alone.

Acceleration & Cruise Control 4 40.0%

Median failure at 82,028 miles

Electrical System 2 20.0%

1 crashes, 0 fires · median 76,700 mi

Equipment & Accessories 1 10.0%

Median failure at 105,182 miles

Body & Structure 1 10.0%

Median failure at 105,182 miles

Brakes 1 10.0%

1 crashes, 0 fires · median 105,400 mi

Airbags 1 10.0%

When it fails

Odometer readings owners gave when they filed. About half of all complaints include one.

25,000 – 49,999 miles 1 14.3%
50,000 – 74,999 miles 1 14.3%
75,000 – 99,999 miles 1 14.3%
100,000 – 149,999 miles 4 57.1%

When owners complained

A spike years after the car went on sale usually means a part wearing out on schedule across the whole fleet — the kind of pattern no single owner can see from inside their own car.

Jan 2005 peak 4 Jun 2010

NHTSA investigations into the 1999 Volvo C70 Convertible

An investigation is the step before a recall: the agency has seen enough complaints to look into a pattern itself. An open one means it thinks something may be wrong and nothing has been fixed yet.

EA05021 Opened 6 Dec 2005 Closed 12 Dec 2006 VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL

THROTTLE CONTROL MALFUNCTION

ON NOVEMBER 14, 2006 VOLVO SUBMITTED A DEFECT INFORMATION REPORT TO NHTSA CONCERNING ETM FAILURES IN MODEL YEAR (MY) 1999 THROUGH 2001 VOLVO MODELS (NOT INCLUDING THE S40 AND V40), MY 2002 S60 AND V70 WITH NATURALLY ASPIRATED ENGINES AND MY 2002 V70S.ACCORDING TO VOLVO, ?A COMBINATION OF THROTTLE POSITIONING SENSOR IRREGULARITIES, A DIRTY THROTTLE HOUSING AND/OR INEFFICIENT SOFTWARE CALIBRATION MAY CAUSE A WARNING LAMP TO LIGHT AND THE SUBSEQUENT ONSET OF LIMP HOME MODES.VOLVO FURTHER STATED THAT,THIS RESULTED IN A HIGH NUMBER OF THESE VEHICLES GOING INTO LIMP HOME MODE WITHOUT NEED.?VOLVO IND...

PE05041 Opened 26 Jul 2005 Closed 7 Dec 2005 VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL

THROTTLE CONTROL MALFUNCTION

PE05-041 WAS OPENED ON JULY, 26, 2005, BASED ON 136 CONSUMER COMPLAINTS TO ODI ALLEGING THROTTLE CONTROL MALFUNCTIONS IN THE SUBJECT VEHICLES.ODI HAS NOW RECEIVED 591 COMPLAINTS OF ETM FAILURES WHICH ALLEGE SYMPTOMS WITH POTENTIAL SAFETY RELATED CONSEQUENCES.THESE INCLUDE ALLEGATIONS OF ENGINE STALL, VEHICLE SURGING FORWARD WITHOUT ACCELERATOR INPUT, VEHICLE HESITATION UPON ACCELERATION AND SUDDEN AND UNEXPECTED TRANSITION INTO REDUCED PERFORMANCE OPERATION (LIMP MODE).VOLVO SUBMITTED OVER 2,900 COMPLAINTS CONCERNING THE ETM IN THE SUBJECT VEHICLES DURING PE05-041.ODI'S PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF...

Complaints that involved harm

Reports where the owner recorded a crash, a fire, an injury or a death.

at 105,400 miles Corona DEL MAR, CA Crash

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

MY BRAKES WERE MAKING A WEIRD SQUEAKING NOISE IN FRONT. I TOOK TO ORANGE COUNTY VOLVO DEALER TWICE, BOTH TIMES WAS TOLD NOTHING WAS WRONG. TWO WEEKS LATER, I EXPERIENCED COMPLETE BRAKE FAILURE,WITHOUT WARNING AND THE ONLY WAY TO STOP WAS TO HIT THE CAR IN FRONT OF ME. NO WARNING LIGHTS ILLUMINATED, THERE WERE NO OTHER WARNINGS PRIOR TO COMPLETE BRAKE FAILURE. I CALLED MY DEALER WHO DENIED ANY PROBLEMS. I HAD IT TOWED TO ANOTHER DEALER (POWER VOLVO)WHO IDENTIFIED THE PROBLEM AS A COMPLETE BRAKE BOOSTER FAILURE. MY DEALER SAID THERE WAS NO WAY THE NOISE I PREVIOUSLY COMPLAINED ABOUT (WEIRD SQUEAK)COULD HAVE BEEN DUE TO A BRAKE BOOSTER PROBLEM(HE SAID BOOSTER FAILURE MAKES A HISSING SOUND). VOLVO OF NORTH AMERICA (VONA) "INSPECTED" THE VEHICLE AND STATED THAT THE PROBLEM IS "INTERMITTENT" AND THAT WHEN THEY DROVE IT, THEY COULD NOT FIND A PROBLEM, BUT THAT DUE TO THE FACT THAT POWER VOLVO EXPERIENCED A PROBLEM WITH THE BOOSTER, IT SHOULD BE REPLACED FOR SAFETY REASONS. IN A VOICE MESSAGE TO ME, VONA STATED THAT THE PROBLEM WAS A "SAFETY HAZARD" BUT SINCE MY CAR WAS "SO FAR OUT OF WARRANTY," VONA WOULD NOT PAY FOR THE COST OF THE BOOSTER REPLACEMENT (NEARLY $3,000). THEY DENIED THAT IT WAS THEIR RESPONSIBILITY TO FIX THE DAMAGE TO MY CAR, AND DENIED THAT THE DEALER IMPROPERLY DIAGNOSED PROBLEM. PRIOR TO INSPECTION, VONA SAID THEY WOULD PAY FOR THE FIX IF THE BOOSTER "FAILED TO PERFORM AS DESIGNED." NOW THEY SAY THAT THE BOOSTER WAS NOT DESIGNED TO PROVIDE ANY INDICATION THAT IT WAS GOING TO FAIL PRIOR TO CAUSING A COMPLETE BRAKE FAILURE. SO, BASICALLY, VONA SAYS IT IS PROPER FOR THESE BOOSTERS TO FAIL, AND IT IS PROPER FOR THEM TO FAIL SUDDENLY, WITHOUT WARNING, CAUSING A COMPLETE LOSS OF BRAKES. AND THAT THIS IS NORMAL. LATER VERSIONS OF VOLVOS HAVE BRAKE FAILURE LIGHTS. MY MAKE AND MODEL DOES NOT. I COULD HAVE DIED AND/OR KILLED SOMEONE, AND VOLVO DOES NOT CARE. LUCKILY I WAS TRAVELING SLOWLY COASTING TOWARD A STOP SIGN WHEN THIS HAPPENED.

NHTSA complaint #10334370 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

at 105,400 miles Corona DEL MAR, CA Crash

SERVICE BRAKES, ELECTRIC

MY BRAKES WERE MAKING A WEIRD SQUEAKING NOISE IN FRONT. I TOOK TO ORANGE COUNTY VOLVO DEALER TWICE, BOTH TIMES WAS TOLD NOTHING WAS WRONG. TWO WEEKS LATER, I EXPERIENCED COMPLETE BRAKE FAILURE,WITHOUT WARNING AND THE ONLY WAY TO STOP WAS TO HIT THE CAR IN FRONT OF ME. NO WARNING LIGHTS ILLUMINATED, THERE WERE NO OTHER WARNINGS PRIOR TO COMPLETE BRAKE FAILURE. I CALLED MY DEALER WHO DENIED ANY PROBLEMS. I HAD IT TOWED TO ANOTHER DEALER (POWER VOLVO)WHO IDENTIFIED THE PROBLEM AS A COMPLETE BRAKE BOOSTER FAILURE. MY DEALER SAID THERE WAS NO WAY THE NOISE I PREVIOUSLY COMPLAINED ABOUT (WEIRD SQUEAK)COULD HAVE BEEN DUE TO A BRAKE BOOSTER PROBLEM(HE SAID BOOSTER FAILURE MAKES A HISSING SOUND). VOLVO OF NORTH AMERICA (VONA) "INSPECTED" THE VEHICLE AND STATED THAT THE PROBLEM IS "INTERMITTENT" AND THAT WHEN THEY DROVE IT, THEY COULD NOT FIND A PROBLEM, BUT THAT DUE TO THE FACT THAT POWER VOLVO EXPERIENCED A PROBLEM WITH THE BOOSTER, IT SHOULD BE REPLACED FOR SAFETY REASONS. IN A VOICE MESSAGE TO ME, VONA STATED THAT THE PROBLEM WAS A "SAFETY HAZARD" BUT SINCE MY CAR WAS "SO FAR OUT OF WARRANTY," VONA WOULD NOT PAY FOR THE COST OF THE BOOSTER REPLACEMENT (NEARLY $3,000). THEY DENIED THAT IT WAS THEIR RESPONSIBILITY TO FIX THE DAMAGE TO MY CAR, AND DENIED THAT THE DEALER IMPROPERLY DIAGNOSED PROBLEM. PRIOR TO INSPECTION, VONA SAID THEY WOULD PAY FOR THE FIX IF THE BOOSTER "FAILED TO PERFORM AS DESIGNED." NOW THEY SAY THAT THE BOOSTER WAS NOT DESIGNED TO PROVIDE ANY INDICATION THAT IT WAS GOING TO FAIL PRIOR TO CAUSING A COMPLETE BRAKE FAILURE. SO, BASICALLY, VONA SAYS IT IS PROPER FOR THESE BOOSTERS TO FAIL, AND IT IS PROPER FOR THEM TO FAIL SUDDENLY, WITHOUT WARNING, CAUSING A COMPLETE LOSS OF BRAKES. AND THAT THIS IS NORMAL. LATER VERSIONS OF VOLVOS HAVE BRAKE FAILURE LIGHTS. MY MAKE AND MODEL DOES NOT. I COULD HAVE DIED AND/OR KILLED SOMEONE, AND VOLVO DOES NOT CARE. LUCKILY I WAS TRAVELING SLOWLY COASTING TOWARD A STOP SIGN WHEN THIS HAPPENED.

NHTSA complaint #10334370 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

The most recent complaints

In the owners' own words, exactly as filed with NHTSA.

at 105,182 miles Vancouver, OR

STRUCTURE:FRAME AND MEMBERS

CONVERTIBLE TOP BACK BAR STRUCTURE CRACKED IN HALF AND TOP WILL NOT OPERATE(CLOSE OR OPEN) NOW. WHILE THE TOP BROKE, AS I WAS OPENING IT, IT ALSO FELL ON THE SENSOR FOR THE LOCK AND BROKE THAT ALSO. THE CAR IS IN THE SHOP AGAIN FOR THIS PROBLEM, THE ONLY FIX IS ORDERING A NEW BAR AT THE COST OF $1500, WHICH I DON'T HAVE. NOW I HAVE A CAR THAT I CANT DRIVE OR REPAIR.

NHTSA complaint #10336885 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

at 105,182 miles Vancouver, OR

EQUIPMENT

CONVERTIBLE TOP BACK BAR STRUCTURE CRACKED IN HALF AND TOP WILL NOT OPERATE(CLOSE OR OPEN) NOW. WHILE THE TOP BROKE, AS I WAS OPENING IT, IT ALSO FELL ON THE SENSOR FOR THE LOCK AND BROKE THAT ALSO. THE CAR IS IN THE SHOP AGAIN FOR THIS PROBLEM, THE ONLY FIX IS ORDERING A NEW BAR AT THE COST OF $1500, WHICH I DON'T HAVE. NOW I HAVE A CAR THAT I CANT DRIVE OR REPAIR.

NHTSA complaint #10336885 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

at 105,400 miles Corona DEL MAR, CA Crash

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

MY BRAKES WERE MAKING A WEIRD SQUEAKING NOISE IN FRONT. I TOOK TO ORANGE COUNTY VOLVO DEALER TWICE, BOTH TIMES WAS TOLD NOTHING WAS WRONG. TWO WEEKS LATER, I EXPERIENCED COMPLETE BRAKE FAILURE,WITHOUT WARNING AND THE ONLY WAY TO STOP WAS TO HIT THE CAR IN FRONT OF ME. NO WARNING LIGHTS ILLUMINATED, THERE WERE NO OTHER WARNINGS PRIOR TO COMPLETE BRAKE FAILURE. I CALLED MY DEALER WHO DENIED ANY PROBLEMS. I HAD IT TOWED TO ANOTHER DEALER (POWER VOLVO)WHO IDENTIFIED THE PROBLEM AS A COMPLETE BRAKE BOOSTER FAILURE. MY DEALER SAID THERE WAS NO WAY THE NOISE I PREVIOUSLY COMPLAINED ABOUT (WEIRD SQUEAK)COULD HAVE BEEN DUE TO A BRAKE BOOSTER PROBLEM(HE SAID BOOSTER FAILURE MAKES A HISSING SOUND). VOLVO OF NORTH AMERICA (VONA) "INSPECTED" THE VEHICLE AND STATED THAT THE PROBLEM IS "INTERMITTENT" AND THAT WHEN THEY DROVE IT, THEY COULD NOT FIND A PROBLEM, BUT THAT DUE TO THE FACT THAT POWER VOLVO EXPERIENCED A PROBLEM WITH THE BOOSTER, IT SHOULD BE REPLACED FOR SAFETY REASONS. IN A VOICE MESSAGE TO ME, VONA STATED THAT THE PROBLEM WAS A "SAFETY HAZARD" BUT SINCE MY CAR WAS "SO FAR OUT OF WARRANTY," VONA WOULD NOT PAY FOR THE COST OF THE BOOSTER REPLACEMENT (NEARLY $3,000). THEY DENIED THAT IT WAS THEIR RESPONSIBILITY TO FIX THE DAMAGE TO MY CAR, AND DENIED THAT THE DEALER IMPROPERLY DIAGNOSED PROBLEM. PRIOR TO INSPECTION, VONA SAID THEY WOULD PAY FOR THE FIX IF THE BOOSTER "FAILED TO PERFORM AS DESIGNED." NOW THEY SAY THAT THE BOOSTER WAS NOT DESIGNED TO PROVIDE ANY INDICATION THAT IT WAS GOING TO FAIL PRIOR TO CAUSING A COMPLETE BRAKE FAILURE. SO, BASICALLY, VONA SAYS IT IS PROPER FOR THESE BOOSTERS TO FAIL, AND IT IS PROPER FOR THEM TO FAIL SUDDENLY, WITHOUT WARNING, CAUSING A COMPLETE LOSS OF BRAKES. AND THAT THIS IS NORMAL. LATER VERSIONS OF VOLVOS HAVE BRAKE FAILURE LIGHTS. MY MAKE AND MODEL DOES NOT. I COULD HAVE DIED AND/OR KILLED SOMEONE, AND VOLVO DOES NOT CARE. LUCKILY I WAS TRAVELING SLOWLY COASTING TOWARD A STOP SIGN WHEN THIS HAPPENED.

NHTSA complaint #10334370 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

at 105,400 miles Corona DEL MAR, CA Crash

SERVICE BRAKES, ELECTRIC

MY BRAKES WERE MAKING A WEIRD SQUEAKING NOISE IN FRONT. I TOOK TO ORANGE COUNTY VOLVO DEALER TWICE, BOTH TIMES WAS TOLD NOTHING WAS WRONG. TWO WEEKS LATER, I EXPERIENCED COMPLETE BRAKE FAILURE,WITHOUT WARNING AND THE ONLY WAY TO STOP WAS TO HIT THE CAR IN FRONT OF ME. NO WARNING LIGHTS ILLUMINATED, THERE WERE NO OTHER WARNINGS PRIOR TO COMPLETE BRAKE FAILURE. I CALLED MY DEALER WHO DENIED ANY PROBLEMS. I HAD IT TOWED TO ANOTHER DEALER (POWER VOLVO)WHO IDENTIFIED THE PROBLEM AS A COMPLETE BRAKE BOOSTER FAILURE. MY DEALER SAID THERE WAS NO WAY THE NOISE I PREVIOUSLY COMPLAINED ABOUT (WEIRD SQUEAK)COULD HAVE BEEN DUE TO A BRAKE BOOSTER PROBLEM(HE SAID BOOSTER FAILURE MAKES A HISSING SOUND). VOLVO OF NORTH AMERICA (VONA) "INSPECTED" THE VEHICLE AND STATED THAT THE PROBLEM IS "INTERMITTENT" AND THAT WHEN THEY DROVE IT, THEY COULD NOT FIND A PROBLEM, BUT THAT DUE TO THE FACT THAT POWER VOLVO EXPERIENCED A PROBLEM WITH THE BOOSTER, IT SHOULD BE REPLACED FOR SAFETY REASONS. IN A VOICE MESSAGE TO ME, VONA STATED THAT THE PROBLEM WAS A "SAFETY HAZARD" BUT SINCE MY CAR WAS "SO FAR OUT OF WARRANTY," VONA WOULD NOT PAY FOR THE COST OF THE BOOSTER REPLACEMENT (NEARLY $3,000). THEY DENIED THAT IT WAS THEIR RESPONSIBILITY TO FIX THE DAMAGE TO MY CAR, AND DENIED THAT THE DEALER IMPROPERLY DIAGNOSED PROBLEM. PRIOR TO INSPECTION, VONA SAID THEY WOULD PAY FOR THE FIX IF THE BOOSTER "FAILED TO PERFORM AS DESIGNED." NOW THEY SAY THAT THE BOOSTER WAS NOT DESIGNED TO PROVIDE ANY INDICATION THAT IT WAS GOING TO FAIL PRIOR TO CAUSING A COMPLETE BRAKE FAILURE. SO, BASICALLY, VONA SAYS IT IS PROPER FOR THESE BOOSTERS TO FAIL, AND IT IS PROPER FOR THEM TO FAIL SUDDENLY, WITHOUT WARNING, CAUSING A COMPLETE LOSS OF BRAKES. AND THAT THIS IS NORMAL. LATER VERSIONS OF VOLVOS HAVE BRAKE FAILURE LIGHTS. MY MAKE AND MODEL DOES NOT. I COULD HAVE DIED AND/OR KILLED SOMEONE, AND VOLVO DOES NOT CARE. LUCKILY I WAS TRAVELING SLOWLY COASTING TOWARD A STOP SIGN WHEN THIS HAPPENED.

NHTSA complaint #10334370 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

Chicago, IL

VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL

VOLVO C70 PRESENTED A PROBLEM WITH THE ENGINE REVVING AND DOWN BY ITSELF, AND MOSTLY NOTICEABLE WHILE STANDING STILL AT IDLE. I TOOK THE CAR TO THE DEALER, AND THEY INFORMED ME THAT THEY HAD TO REPLACE THE ELECTRONIC THROTTLE MODULE (ETM AND THROTTLE) BODY ALONG WITH SOME OTHER PARTS. I PAID AND HAD THE REPAIRS COMPLETED. THE DEALER INFORMED ME THAT THEY PUT A NEW ETM IN, BUT THAT THE ETM LIGHT INDICATOR ON THE DASHBOARD CAME ON, WHICH WAS NOT THE CASE WHEN I BROUGHT THE CAR IN. THEY PUT A SECOND ONE IN AND THE LIGHT CAME OFF. I TOOK POSSESSION OF THE CAR AND DROVE TO WORK. AFTER WORK I DROVE HOME, AND THE ETM LIGHT CAME ON AGAIN. I THOUGHT THE LIGHT WAS NOT A PROBLEM SINCE I WAS TOLD SO BY THE DEALER.*AK A FEW MONTHS LATER WHILE NAVIGATING THE WEB I FOUND A FORUM MENTIONING THAT VOLVO HAS A PROBLEM WITH THE ETMS. SEVERAL SITES CLAIM VOLVO IS TRYING TO HIDE THE PROBLEM AND NOT TAKING SUFFICIENT ACTIONS TO INFORM CUSTOMERS. SINCE LIGHT IS STILL ON NOW, I WILL TAKE MY CAR BACK TO THE DEALER AND FIGHT WITH THEM, BUT WANTED TO INFORM NHTSA OF MY EXPERIENCE SO FAR.

NHTSA complaint #10148909 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

at 96,500 miles Westport, MA

VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL

ENGINE ROLLING W/VARYING RPM. ETS WARNING LIGHT CAME ON, CONTINUES TO DO SO INTERMITTENTLY. DEALER (TASCA VOLVO, SEEKONK, MA) STATED ON 01-09-06 THAT, BASED ON ORDERS FROM VOLVO NA,VEHICLE NEEDED A "SYSTEM UPGRADE" AND OTHER REPAIRS & DIAGNOSTICS BEFORE PART REPLACEMENT COULD BE PERFORMED. SAID UPGRADE DONE & PAID FOR. AFTER 6 MILES OF DRIVING, ETS LIGHT ON AGAIN. CAR SURGES, ACCELERATES FOR NO REASON AND AT OTHER TIMES HAS NO PEP. VEHICLE RETURNED TO DEALER. I AM WAITING FOR RESULTS.

NHTSA complaint #10147307 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

at 48,000 miles Orlando, FL

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

1999 VOLVO C70 WITH 52,000 MILES. CAR STARTED RUNNING STAGGERED AT ABOUT 48,000 MILES. CHECK ENGINE AND ETS LIGHTS SOMETIMES COME ON. TOOK IT IN FOR COMPUTER DIAGNOSIS AND MECHANIC'S TEST DRIVE. PROBLEM IS FAULTY ELECTRONIC THROTTLE MODULE. NEEDS REPLACEMENT AT COST OF $900.00.

NHTSA complaint #10140117 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

at 67,557 miles Pittsburgh, PA

VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL

WE SOLD THIS VEHICLE TO A RETAIL CUSTOMER ON AUGUST 12, 2005. SOON AFTER, CUSTOMER COMPLAINED TO US THAT ETS LIGHT WAS ON AND THEY HAD EXPERIENCED LOSS OF POWER. WE REIMBURSED CUSTOMER FOR HAVING "FAULTY THROTTLE UNIT" REPLACED AT BILL GRAY VOLVO.

NHTSA complaint #10137108 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

Linton, IN

VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL

DT: THE CONTACT OWNED A 1999 VOLVO C70. WHILE ATTEMPTING TO ACCELERATE VEHICLE STALLED/DIED, AND LOST POWER AT LEAST 6 TIMES. CONTACT DID NOT HAVE REPAIRS DONE SINCE HE WOULD HAVE TO PAY FOR THE REPAIRS AND PARTS. *AK

NHTSA complaint #10131134 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

Decatur, GA

AIR BAGS

AIR BAG PROBLEMS WITH THE 1999 S70 VOLVO.

NHTSA complaint #10107672 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.