36 of the
561 complaints about the 2001 Dodge RAM 2500 are about the
braking system — 6% of everything
reported for this model year.
Half of the failures with a mileage on record happened before
93,000 miles.
when car is cold and just started to drive ,and brakes used ,the front brake does not apply and vehicle is slow to stop when abs is disabled all brakes operate normal. I have hit 3 cars because brake did not work. this is a euro brake system installed on vehicles with frt disc and rear drum dodge would not fix after several instances reported to them I have been driving since new and many years with abs disconnected and no accidents since I disconnected the control unit
NHTSA complaint #11441385 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 189,000 milesCouncil Bluffs, IA
SERVICE BRAKES
THE BRAKE LINE THAT RUNS ON THE FRAME RAIL FROM THE FRONT TO THE REAR HAD A BLOW OUT DIRECTLY BEHIND THE GAS TANK WHEN PRESSING THE BREAK PEDDLE TO COME TO A COMPLETE STOP IN MY DRIVEWAY
NHTSA complaint #11044813 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 100,143 milesNEW Lisbon, NJ
SERVICE BRAKES
REAR BRAKE LINE RUSTED AND BLEW OUT CAUSING THE VEHICLE TO LOOSE ALL STOPPING POWER. THE LINE BLEW OUT ON THE DRIVER'S SIDE REAR NEAR THE GAS TANK. LINE IS VERY CORRODED AND THIS IS A FAULTY MANUFACTURERS DEFECT
NHTSA complaint #10991734 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 140,000 milesMiddletown, CA
SERVICE BRAKES
THE POWER STEERING PUMP FAILED WHILE DRIVING ON A MOUNTAIN ROAD. I WAS UNABLE TO STEER THE TRUCK, AND ALSO UNABLE TO STOP THE TRUCK, AS THE POWER STEERING PUMP ALSO SUPPLIES POWER TO ASSIST THE BRAKES.
NHTSA complaint #10682845 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 103,000 milesMount Airy, MDCrash
SERVICE BRAKES
BRAKES FAILED WHEN APPLIED. ABS AND BRAKE WARNING LIGHTS CAME ON WITH VERY LITTLE BRAKING. AFTER HARD BRAKING APPLICATION THE TIRES LOCKED AND SLID ABOUT 5 INCHES IN DAMP BACKTOP AND HIT A CAR STOPPED AT A LIGHT. HAD PLENTY OF TIME TO BRAKE BUT NO OR VERY LITTLE BRAKING ACTION. LATER INSPECTION SHOWED THAT ONE OF THE BRAKE LINES RUSTED THROUGH AND LOST PRESSURE. THIS IS THE SECOND TIME THIS HAS HAPPENED. THESE TRUCKS ARE PRONE TO BRAKE LINE RUSTING. DRIVER SEEMED TO BE FINE AND DROVE AWAY AFTER EXCHANGING INFO. HE LATER CLAIMED INJURY.
NHTSA complaint #10640916 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 195,888 milesWind Lake, WI
SERVICE BRAKES
I WAS DRIVING TODAY AND WHILE COMING UP TO A STOP SIGN I APPLIED MY BRAKES ONLY TO FIND OUT I HAD NONE. THE REAR BRAKE LINE THAT RUNS ON THE DRIVERS SIDE CORRODED REALLY BAD BEHIND THE GAS TANK AND BLEW. LUCKILY THERE WERE NO OTHER VEHICLES AROUND OR ELSE AN ACCIDENT COULD HAVE HAPPENED. AFTER DOING SOME RESEARCH, I FIND THIS IS A VERY COMMON PROBLEM ON THESE VEHICLES.
NHTSA complaint #10482810 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 154,000 milesFrederick, MDCrash
SERVICE BRAKES
WHILE MOVING FORWARD FROM PARKED, THE BRAKE PEDAL WENT TO THE FLOOR. THE TRUCK ROLLED INTO A FENCE. UPON INSPECTION UNDER THE TRUCK, BRAKE FLUID WAS COVERING THE FRAME RAIL UNDER THE BED, BEHIND THE FUEL TANK. UPON RESEARCHING THE PROBLEM, IT WAS DISCOVERED THAT MULTIPLE VEHICLES HAVE EXPERIENCED BRAKE LINE CORROSION IN THIS SAME AREA.
NHTSA complaint #10472861 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 129,329 milesBaltimore, MD
SERVICE BRAKES
THE BRAKE LINE THAT RUNS FROM THE MASTER CYLINDER TO THE REAR BRAKE ON THE DRIVERS SIDE HAS ROTTED OUT AND BUSTED. THIS IS A COMMON PROBLEM ON THESE DODGE RAM TRUCKS . I HAVE CARS FROM THE 1960'S AND THE BRAKE LINES HAVE NOT RUSTED AT ALL AND THIS TRUCK IS 11 YEARS OLD. THIS HAPPENS A LOT ON THESE TRUCKS AND IM SURE THIS IS NOT THE FIRST COMPLAINT AGAINST THEM. MAYBE A RECALL SHOULD BE ORDERED. THANKS FOR YOUR TIME.
NHTSA complaint #10467567 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 125,654 milesBlairstown, NJ
SERVICE BRAKES
I WAS DRIVING AND SOMEONE PULLED OUT IN FRONT OF ME AND STOPPED AND I WENT TO HIT MY BRAKES AND THEY WENT COMPLETELY OUT . IT WAS THE REAR MAIN BRAKE LINE THAT RUNS BEHIND THE GAS TANK. THE NEXT TIME I WAS COMING DOWN A HILL TO A STOP SIGN WITH SOME STEEL IN THE BED AND A DIFFERENT BRAKE LINE AFTER THE ONE BEHIND THE GAS TANK BLEW OUT AND SENT ME THROUGH THE STOP SIGN.
NHTSA complaint #10464644 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 226,000 milesErial, NJ
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC
PULLING OUT OF MY DRIVEWAY MY STEEL BRAKE LINE ON THE FRAME BROKE AT THE REAR COUPLING DUE TO RUST. THIS TRUCK WAS DRIVEN ON NJ ROADS AND NEVER PUT A BOAT IN WATER.
NHTSA complaint #10449369 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 81,000 milesMount Airy, MD
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC
DRIVING MY DODGE TRUCK TO WORK. THE BRAKE PEDAL WENT TO THE FLOOR FOR NO REASON. PADS AND FLUID WAS OK WHEN CHECKED SEVERAL WEEKS PRIOR. LIMPED HOME ON BACKUP BRAKE RESERVOIR. ALMOST NO BRAKES. TOOK IT TO A SHOP. THEY FOUND THAT THE BRAKE LINE ON THE FRAME BEHIND THE TANK (CAN'T SEE IT) WAS BADLY RUSTED AND PERFORATED AT SEVERAL SPOTS ON SEVERAL LINES. REPLACED BOTH LINES. CURRENT INSPECTION (2/23/2012) SHOWS BRAKE LINES IN THE ENGINE COMPARTMENT BADLY RUSTED BETWEEN THE ABS BRAKE COMPONENTS. THESE WILL HAVE TO BE REPLACED AS WELL.
NHTSA complaint #10449085 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 68,000 milesLouisville, KY
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC
UNDER SOLID BRAKING AT 20 MPH THE MAIN HARD LINE FROM THE FRONT TO THE REAR BRAKES BLEW AT THE 45* BEND NEXT TO THE FUEL TANK.
NHTSA complaint #10424762 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 95,000 milesPortsmouth, VA
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC
TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2001 DODGE RAM 2500. WHILE DRIVING APPROXIMATELY 20 MPH, THE BRAKE PEDAL TRAVELED TO THE FLOOR UPON ENGAGEMENT. THE BRAKES WERE PUMPED REPEATEDLY BEFORE THE VEHICLE WOULD STOP. THE CONTACT STATED THE REAR DRIVERS SIDE BRAKE LINE WAS COMPLETELY COVERED WITH RUST CAUSING BRAKE FLUID TO LEAK. THE VEHICLE WAS TOWED HIS RESIDENCE. THE CONTACT PLANNED TO REPAIR THE BRAKE LINE. THE MANUFACTURER WAS NOT NOTIFIED OF THE DEFECT. THE APPROXIMATE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 95,000. THE VIN WAS UNAVAILABLE.
NHTSA complaint #10409242 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 55,400 milesAvoca, PA
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC
2001 DODGE RAM 2500 4X4, BRAKE LINE DIRECTLY BEHIND GAS TANK ABOVE REAR AXLE ON THE DRIVER SIDE RUSTS/CORRODES WHICH CAUSES A MAJOR BRAKE FLUID LEAK AND CAUSES LOSS OF BRAKES. THIS AREA IS HIDDEN FROM IMMEDIATE SIGHT BY THE SPARE TIRE AND APPARENTLY BUILDUP DOESN'T GET WASHED AWAY IN THE CARWASH OR WHEN IT RAINS OR FROM ROAD SPRAY ETC. I HAVE NEVER SEEN BRAKE LINES RUST SO BAD. THEY ACTUALLY LOOK LIKE THEY SWELL AS THEY RUST AND SCALE. THE REST OF THE VEHICLES UNDERCARRAGE IS 90% BLACK PAINT FROM THE FACTORY, BUT THE BRAKE LINES ARE RUSTING. MANUFACTURER SHOULD HAVE USED STAINLESS STEEL BRAKE LINE MATERIAL OR AT LEAST A COATED TYPE BRAKELINE. LOSS OF BRAKES IS A BIG SAFETY ISSUE. THERE SHOULD BE NO WARRANTY PERIOD ON SOMETHING LIKE THIS, THEY SHOULD BE THE LAST THING TO GO ON THE VEHICLE. THERE SHOULD BE A PAID IN FULL RECALL BEFORE SOMEONE GETS HURT OR KILLED.
NHTSA complaint #10362320 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 114,000 milesWilmington, DE
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:FOUNDATION COMPONENTS:HOSES, LINES/PIPING, AND FITTINGS
TL*THE CONTACT OWNS A 2001 DODGE RAM 2500. THE CONTACT STATED THAT WHILE TRYING TO SLOW DOWN AT A STOP SIGN, THE BRAKE PEDAL EXTENDED TO THE FLOORBOARD AND THE VEHICLE CONTINUED TO COAST. HE STATED THAT THE FRONT BRAKES WERE ENOUGH TO STOP THE VEHICLE; HOWEVER, THE CONTACT INSPECTED THE VEHICLE AND NOTICED THAT THE REAR BRAKE LINE WAS COMPLETELY CORRODED. THE VEHICLE HAD NOT BEEN REPAIRED AT THE TIME OF THE COMPLAINT. THE MANUFACTURER WAS NOT NOTIFIED. THE CURRENT AND FAILURE MILEAGES WERE APPROXIMATELY 114,000.
NHTSA complaint #10352754 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 148,000 milesThief River Falls, MN
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC
I STARTED MY TRUCK TO HEAD OUT TO ANSWER A FIRE CALL (I AM A VOLUNTEER FIREFIGHTER). THE ENGINE WAS COLD, HAD BEEN SITTING FOR OVER 8 HOURS. AT THE FIRST STOP SIGN, I PRESSED THE BRAKE PEDAL, ONLY TO HAVE IT GO ALL THE WAY TO THE FLOOR WITH NO RESISTANCE AND NO STOPPING POWER. THE ABS AND BRAKE WARNING LIGHTS CAME ON THE DASHBOARD. I PUMPED THE BRAKES TWICE, AND THE SYSTEM RE-PRESSURIZED AND STARTED FUNCTIONING CORRECTLY. I TOOK THE TRUCK BACK HOME, AND PARKED IT FOR THE WEEKEND. SUNDAY PM I WENT TO DRIVE IT OVER TO THE DEALERSHIP, AND WHEN I STARTED IT UP, THE COMPUTER CODES CLEARED AND THE TRUCK FUNCTIONED PERFECTLY. ACCORDING TO THE DEALER, CHRYSLER IS AWARE OF THE PROBLEM, AND IT ONLY OCCURS WHEN THE TRUCK IS COLD AND WITHIN THE FIRST 5 MINUTES AFTER STARTING. THE ENGINEERS HAVE NO IDEA WHY IT IS HAPPENING. OBVIOUSLY, SINCE I AM A VOLUNTEER FIREFIGHTER, I HAVE A TENDENCY TO START MY TRUCK AND GO, SO THIS ISSUE IS VERY WORRISOME TO ME.
NHTSA complaint #10329742 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 79,000 milesVirginia Beach, VA
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:FOUNDATION COMPONENTS:HOSES, LINES/PIPING, AND FITTINGS
TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2001 DODGE 2500. THE CONTACT STATED WHILE DRIVING AT SPEEDS OF 25 MPH, HE NOTICED BRAKE FLUID LEAKING FROM UNDER THE VEHICLE FROM THE DRIVERS SIDE. THE DEALER ADVISED THE STEEL HYDRAULIC PIPELINE HAD FRACTURED DUE TO RUST AND CORROSION. THE DEALER ALSO CONFIRMED THEY WERE AWARE OF THE ISSUE. THE CONTACT ALSO WANTED TO INCLUDE IN THE COMPLAINT THAT THE VEHICLE WAS MANUFACTURED IN MEXICO. THE APPROXIMATE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 79,000 AND THE APPROXIMATE CURRENT MILEAGE WAS 79,089. THE VIN WAS NOT AVAILABLE.
NHTSA complaint #10324678 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 82,133 milesAnderson, SC
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC
ORDERED TRUCK NEW. HAS ALWAYS BEEN WELL MAINTAINED. HAD THE FRONT LEFT BRAKELINE FAIL COMPLETELY WITHOUT WARNING. NEVER A DROP OF FLUID LEAKED BEFORE IT HAD AN IMMEDIATE AND COMPLETE LOSS OF BRAKING. VERY SERIOUS FAILURE THAT NORMALLY DOES NOT HAPPEN IN MODERN VEHICLES.
NHTSA complaint #10262670 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 63,000 milesButte, MTCrash
SERVICE BRAKES, ELECTRIC
THE ABS SENSOR WIRE WAS DAMAGED BY CONTACT WITH THE RIGHT WHEEL. THIS CAUSED THE ABS SYSTEM TO BELIEVE THAT THE WHEEL WAS NOT TURNING AND ENGAGED THE ABS SYSTEM MAKING IT IMPOSSIBLE TO ENGAGE THE BRAKES. SPEED WAS APPROXIMATELY 10 MPH. THIS RESULTED IN HAVING TO QUICKLY ENGAGE THE 2001 RAM 2500 INTO PARK. THE TRUCK CRASHED INTO THE MY GARAGE DOOR. IF THIS HAPPENED IN A TRAFFIC SITUATION THE RESULTS COULD HAVE BEEN VERY BAD. IF ONE OF MY CHILDREN HAD BEEN IN THE DRIVEWAY THIS PROBLEM WOULD HAVE PROBABLY RECEIVED MORE ATTENTION. THIS WIRE SHOULD NOT EVER BE ABLE TO COME IN CONTACT WITH THE WHEEL AND THE ROUTE IS POORLY PLANNED.
NHTSA complaint #10262069 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 132,100 milesShingle Springs, CA
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:FOUNDATION COMPONENTS:HOSES, LINES/PIPING, AND FITTINGS
2001 DODGE RAM 2500, DIESEL 4WD CATASTROPHIC FAILURE OF BRAKE SYSTEM. FAILURE CAUSED BY FAILURE OF DRIVER SIDE, OUTBOARD BRAKE LINE. LINE FAILED DUE TO DESIGN DEFECT THAT RESULTS IN THE LINE CHAFING AGAINST ITSELF UNTIL A HOLE APPEARS AND ALL BRAKE PRESSURE IS LOST. LINE CHAFES IF DURING HARD LEFT TURN. VISUAL INSPECTION OF RIGHT SIDE LINE SHOWS IT MAY ALSO BE SUBJECT TO THIS SORT OF FAILURE. ISSUE SEEMS TO BE KNOWN TO DODGE COMPANY. NO REPLACEMENT PARTS ARE AVAILABLE IN US FROM DODGE DUE TO NATIONAL BACKORDER.
NHTSA complaint #10207628 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 93,000 milesPierson, FL
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:POWER ASSIST:HYDRAULIC:HOSES, LINES/PIPING, AND FITTINGS
2 DIFFERENT BRAKE LINES FAILED THE SAME DAY.. BOTH RUSTED THROUGH THE REST OF THE LINES NEAR THE BOOSTER AND THE ANTI LOCK ARE ALL RUSTED ALSO... TRUCK HAD NO MORE THAN A FEW WEEKS IN SNOW AND NEVER ON THE BEACH....I LIVE IN FLA...
NHTSA complaint #10206454 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 75,000 milesAltoona, FL
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:ANTILOCK/TRACTION CONTROL/ELECTRONIC LIMITED SLIP:CONTROL UNIT/MODULE
DASHBOARD CRACKING AND FALLING ON ELECTRICAL WIRE, SHORTING OUT THINGS, KEEPS BLOWING THE ABS FUSE.
NHTSA complaint #10190350 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 60,000 milesAlbuquerque, NMCrash
PARKING BRAKE
TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2001 DODGE RAM 2500. THE VEHICLE WAS PARKED ON A HILL WITH THE ENGINE ON, 30 SECONDS AFTER EXITING THE VEHICLE IT ROLLED BACKWARDS AND CRASHED INTO A LIGHT POLE. THE PARKING BRAKE WAS NOT ENGAGED. THE ROAD CONDITIONS WERE CLEAR. THE DEALER INFORMED THE CONTACT THAT THE VEHICLE MUST NOT HAVE BEEN IN THE PARK POSITION. THE CURRENT AND FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 60,000.
NHTSA complaint #10184460 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 4,000 milesSalinas, CA
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:POWER ASSIST:HYDRAULIC
MY BRAKES AND STEERING HAVE FAILED FOUR TIMES ON MY DODGE RAM. I CALLED CUSTOMER SERVICE AT CHRYSLER AND IN BOTH CASES THE REPRESENTATIVE REFUSED TO ASSIST ME. I EXPLAINED TO THEM THAT I HAVE HAD MY BRAKES FAIL FOUR TIMES ON MY DODGE RAM 3/4 TON TRUCK. THEY SAID MY WARRANTY HAS EXPIRED AND THAT I AM 2700 MILES OVER THE WARRANTY THAT IS ALL THAT CAN BE DONE.
NHTSA complaint #10160933 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 74,000 milesSAN Antonio, TX
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:ANTILOCK/TRACTION CONTROL/ELECTRONIC LIMITED SLIP
DT*: THE CONTACT STATED THE DRIVER SIDE TIRE BLEW OUT AND THE DRIVER SIDE FENDER WAS DAMAGED. AFTER THE INCIDENT, THE ABS SYSTEM, AND EMERGENCY BRAKE LIGHTS ILLUMINATED ON THE DASH BOARD. THE VEHICLE WAS TAKEN TO THE SERVICE DEALER WHO DETERMINED THE CLOCK SPRING NEEDED TO BE REPLACED. THERE IS A NHTSA RECALL, #01V153000, REGARDING THE AIRBAGS. THE VIN WAS NOT INCLUDED IN THE RECALL ACCORDING TO THE MANUFACTURER. THERE IS NOW A PROBLEM WITH THE ANTI-LOCK BRAKE SYSTEM. WHILE TRAVELING 60-65MPH, THE BRAKES WERE APPLIED AND ALL FOUR TIRES LOCKED RESULTING IN TIRE SMOKE. THE VEHICLE WAS DRIVEN TO THE SERVICE DEALER WHERE IT IS NOW BEING INSPECTED. THERE WERE NO WARNING INDICATORS PRESENT AT THE TIME OF THE INCIDENT.
NHTSA complaint #10158166 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 40,000 milesOwego, NY
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:FOUNDATION COMPONENTS:HOSES, LINES/PIPING, AND FITTINGS
(1) FRONT BRAKES GRAB ON ONE SIDE, VEHICLE SWERVES TO ONE SIDE AND JERKS TO STOP (2) BRAKE HOSE INTO CALIPERS "CALLAPSED". BREAK PADS WEAR PREMATURELY, ROTORS OVERHEAT. LOSS OF BRAKING ON AFFECTED SIDE. (3) BRAKE HOSE, CALIPERS, PADS, AND ROTORS REPLACED. INSIDENT OCCURRED ON LEFT SIDE AFTER 40,000 MILES OF DRIVING. REPLACED HOSE ON LEFT SIDE; BOTH CALIPERS, PADS, AND ROTORS ON BOHTH SIDES. AT 80,000 MILES, RIGHT SIDE HOSE COLLAPSED. REQUIRES HOSE ON RIGHT SIDE; CALIPER, PADS, AND ROTOR REPLACEMENTS ON BOTH SIDES. HOSE ASSY ON BACK ORDER: ONE DEALER HAS 18 ON ORDER, NO PROJECTED DATE IN SIGHT. SO MANY OF THIS PART ON ORDER AND RECURRENCE ON ONE VEHICLE RAISES QUESTION. SOON VEHICLE WILL BE UNDRIVABLE, AND DANGEROUS. INCIDENT DATE BELOW IS DATE OF RIGHT SIDE DIAGNOSIS.
NHTSA complaint #10125268 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 41,966 milesLouisville, KY
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:FOUNDATION COMPONENTS:DISC:PADS
2001 DODGE RAM 2500. REMOVED LEFT REAR BRAKE CALIPER DUE TO A SQWEAK THAT COULD BE HEARD AT LOW SPEED. ONE BRAKE PAD HAD COMPLETELY SEPARATED FROM THE METAL BACKING. WHEN INSPECTING OTHER 3 BRAKES, AT LEAST ONE PAD IN EACH CALIPER SHOWS SIGNS OF BEGINNING TO SEPARATE. PADS HAVE A MINIMUM OF 1/2" OF MATERIAL LEFT. VEHICAL MILEAGE IS 41966. ALL PADS WERE REPLACED. THE OLD ONES ARE AVAILABLE.
NHTSA complaint #10108464 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 73,300 milesClarksville, TNCrash1 injured
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC
DRIVER STATED THAT BRAKES FAILED ON VEHICLE WHILE TRYING TO STOP AT INTERSECTION RESULTING IN CRASH WITH ANOTHER VEHICLE.
NHTSA complaint #10047241 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Saint Petersburg, FL
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:FOUNDATION COMPONENTS:DRUM
WHILE DRIVING AND WITHOUT WARNING REAR BRAKES FAILED, CAUSING EXTENDED STOPPING DISTANCE. DEALER NOTIFIED.
NHTSA complaint #10021925 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Missoula, MT
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:FOUNDATION COMPONENTS:DISC
SAME COMPONENTS HAVE FAILED THREE TIMES. SECOND 10/31/2001 THIRD 4/2002. CALIPER CONTINUES TO FAIL AND RUIN ROTOR AND DISCS.
NHTSA complaint #762305 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.