FaultScore

FaultScore report

2007 Ford E-450 problems

Owners have filed 15 complaints about the 2007 Ford E-450 with NHTSA between 2008 and 2017. The largest single group is the engine & cooling. Across this model's run it ranks 8 of 17 worst.

D

FaultScore 63/100

Higher is worse. Measured against the other years of the Ford E-450.

How this is worked out

The numbers

15

Complaints

2

Crashes reported

2

Fires reported

1

Injuries reported

31,238 mi

Median mileage at failure

Half of reported failures happened before this

57%

Failed under 36,000 miles

Inside a typical bumper-to-bumper warranty

What kind of bad

The letter says how bad. This says what kind — whether this year drew an unusual number of complaints, unusually dangerous ones, or failures that arrived unusually early.

Complaint volume 27 vs 50 Severity 100 vs 50 Early failure 97 vs 50
The dashed ring is 50 — the national norm. Further out is worse.
Complaint volume — 27
Against the median year of the Ford E-450. 50 means typical for this model; 100 means roughly double.
Severity — 100
33.3% of these complaints involved a crash, fire, injury or death, against a national rate of 9.7%.
Early failure — 97
57% of failures with a mileage on record happened under 36,000 miles, against a national rate of 29%.

How 2007 compares with every other Ford E-450

Click any bar to open that year's report.

Complaints filed with NHTSA, by model year. Bar colour is the FaultScore grade: A B C D F ungraded

What breaks on a 2007 Ford E-450

Every complaint is filed against a part. Follow any row for the complaints about that part alone.

Fuel & Propulsion 3 20.0%

Median failure at 32,000 miles

Brakes 3 20.0%

0 crashes, 2 fires · median 30,477 mi

Engine & Cooling 3 20.0%

Median failure at 66,000 miles

Transmission & Drivetrain 2 13.3%

1 crashes, 0 fires · median 66,000 mi

Wheels 1 6.7%

Median failure at 9,000 miles

Tires 1 6.7%

Median failure at 30,000 miles

Lights 1 6.7%

Median failure at 1,500 miles

Airbags 1 6.7%

1 crashes, 0 fires · median 42,000 mi

When it fails

Odometer readings owners gave when they filed. About half of all complaints include one.

1,000 – 9,999 miles 3 21.4%
10,000 – 24,999 miles 2 14.3%
25,000 – 49,999 miles 5 35.7%
50,000 – 74,999 miles 3 21.4%
150,000+ miles 1 7.1%

When owners complained

A spike years after the car went on sale usually means a part wearing out on schedule across the whole fleet — the kind of pattern no single owner can see from inside their own car.

Jan 2008 peak 3 Oct 2017

NHTSA investigations into the 2007 Ford E-450

An investigation is the step before a recall: the agency has seen enough complaints to look into a pattern itself. An open one means it thinks something may be wrong and nothing has been fixed yet.

PE09055 Opened 7 Dec 2009 Closed 21 Apr 2010 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:WIRING:INTERIOR/UNDER DASH

HVAC Switch Failures

ODI has received 1 complaint and reports from 4 transportation fleets alleging 182 switch failures.Each fleet operates mini buses built on a Ford E350 or E450 cutaway chassis.The OEM HVAC blower switches have melted, smoked, burned or experienced open flame and become inoperable on vehicles in each fleet.Some drivers have reported a burning smell or smoke coming from the dash.One fleet reported a vehicle fire.No injuries were sustained.However, the bus was carrying special needs children when the driver noticed smoke coming from the dash.The driver was able to evacuate the children prior to th...

Complaints that involved harm

Reports where the owner recorded a crash, a fire, an injury or a death.

Waconia, MN Crash 1 injured

POWER TRAIN:AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION

2007 FORD E450 VAN, DRIVER LIFTED SHIFT LEVER TOWARDS PARK. THE DRIVER THOUGHT THE LEVER WAS IN PARK AND EXITED THE VEHICLE. THE LEVER DROPPED TO REVERSE AND THE VEHICLE RAN THE OVER DRIVER. *BF THE VEHICLE HAS A BRAKE INTERLOCK, IF THE SHIFT LEVER IS PUSHED HARD ENOUGH, IT WILL SHIFT INTO PARK. IF THE SHIFT LEVER IS PUSHED, BUT NOT HARD ENOUGH, THE SHIFT INDICATOR HANGS UP BETWEEN PARK AND REVERSE. (THE VEHICLE IS OWNED BY U-HAUL)

NHTSA complaint #10341188 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

at 24,536 miles DES Moines, IA Fire

SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC

FIRE FROM ABS BRAKE UNIT.

NHTSA complaint #10310783 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

at 30,477 miles DES Moines, IA Fire

SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC

FIRE FROM ABS UNIT.

NHTSA complaint #10310788 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

at 42,000 miles Corona, CA Crash

AIR BAGS:FRONTAL

DRIVER AND PASSENGER AIRBAGS DID NOT DEPLOY DURING AUTO ACCIDENT, DAMAGE TO RIGHT FRONT END AND RIGHT FENDER.RIGHT WHEEL AND BRKAE ASSEMBLY COMPLETLY DETACHED FROM AUTOMOBILE.DASHBOARD CAME APART.

NHTSA complaint #10213731 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

The most recent complaints

In the owners' own words, exactly as filed with NHTSA.

at 9,000 miles Panama City, FL

WHEELS

WHILE ON A TRIP AND WHILE RETURNING HOME THE R/R INSIDE TIRE TREAD SEPARATED CAUSING THE VEHICLE TO SWAY. I WAS TRAVELING ON HIGHWAY 231, A 4 LANE HIGHWAY,. I WAS TRAVELING 65MPH AT THE TIME OF THE TIRE FAILURE. I WAS ABLE TO PULL INTO THE FLORIDA WELCOME CENTER LOCATED ON THE FLORIDA ALABAMA LINE. I HAD TO CALL SOMEONE OUT TO CHANGE THE TIRE. AFTER RETURNING HOME TO PANAMA CITY, FLORIDA I TOOK THE VEHICLE AND TIRE BACK TO PEP BOYS TO HAVE IT REPLACED. I ADVISED THE SERVICE WRITER THAT I HADE PURCHASED ROAD HAZARD INSURANCE WHEN I PURCHASED THE TIRES AND ADVISED HIM AS TO WHAT HAPPENED AND HE ADVISED ME THAT TIRE SEPARATION WAS NOT A ROAD HAZARD AND THAT I WOULD HAVE TO PAY 50.00 DOLLARS TO HAVE THE TIRE REPLACED. THE TIRES I BOUGHT FOR MY MOTOR HOME WERE DEFINITY DAKOTA H/T LT 225 75R 16. THE SERVICE WRITER ADVISED ME THAT THEY NO LONGER SOLD THIS TIRE AND REPLACED IT WITH A COOPER TIRE. THEY PUT THE TIRE THAT WAS ON THE R/R OUTSIDE AT THE TIME OF THE INSIDE TIRE FAILURE ON THE INSIDE OF THE WHEEL AND PUT THE NEW TIRE ON THE OUTSIDE. NOW I AM HAVING PROBLEMS WITH THE R/R INSIDE TIRE NOT HOLDING AIR. I FEEL THAT THESE TIRES ARE NOT SAFE TO USE ON ANOTHER TRIP. THE SERVICE WRITER DID NOT LOOK TO CONCERNED ABOUT THE PROBLEM.

NHTSA complaint #11040278 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

at 30,000 miles Palmetto, FL

TIRES

PURCHASED 4 MASTER CRAFT COURSER LT225/75R16 ON 6/30/10 ON MY 30 FT CLASS C M/H WITH 18860 MILES. SO FAR THIS YEAR 2014 I HAVE HAD 3 TIRES FAIL WITH CORD SEPARATION. THE FIRST WAS ON 5/29/14 TRAVELLING TO NC. THE SECOND FAILURE WAS ON 7/25/14 WHERE THE TREAD SEPARATED FROM THE TIRE. THE THIRD OCCURRED ON 11/21/14 WHERE THE ENTIRE TREAD CAME OFF THE TIRE JUST LIKE A RECAPPED TIRE. I CURRENTLY HAVE 38000 MILES ON M/H. IT IS STORED UNDER COVER AND THE TIRES ARE COVERED WHEN IN STORAGE. ALL THREE FAILURES OCCURRED WHILE DRIVING ON HIGHWAYS AND WAS ABLE TO PULL OVER SAFELY AND WITHOUT ANY DAMAGE TO MY VEHICLE OR OTHERS.

NHTSA complaint #10662935 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

at 66,000 miles Pomona, NY

POWER TRAIN

EMPLOYEES WERE DRIVING TRUCK ON A LEVEL ROAD, AND IT RAPIDLY LOST POWER. THEY STOPPED AND CALLED ME, AND I TOLD THEM TO CHECK A NUMBER OF THINGS. EVERYTHING LOOKED OK. BROUGHT THE VEHICLE TO FORD DEALER, AND WAS INFORMED THAT THE FUEL TANK WAS RUSTED/RUSTING ON THE INSIDE. THEY ADVISED ME THAT THE TANK, SENDING UNIT, AND FUEL PUMP NEEDED TO BE REPLACED, BEFORE THEY COULD SEE IF THE INJECTORS, FUEL LINES, AND TURBO WERE DAMAGED. I CHECKED ON THE INTERNET BEFORE AUTHORIZING THE REPAIRS, AND WAS ASTOUNDED BY THE AMOUNT OF PEOPLE THAT HAD THE SAME EXACT ISSUES. THE TANKS ARE DEFECTIVE, AND DELAMINATE, THEREFORE CLOGGING THE FUEL SYSTEM. THEY REPAIR BILL THAT I WAS QUOTED BEFORE WE EVEN GOT TO THE ENGINE, WAS $3700.00+TAX!!!. THIS IS UNREAL THAT THE NHTSA HAS NOT FORCED A RECALL YET. DOES SOMEONE HAVE TO DIE FIRST? SOME PEOPLE REPORTED REPAIR BILLS OF $11,000+!! I AM A SMALL BUSINESS OWNER. I PAID $45,000.00 FOR THIS VEHICLE, MAINTAINED IT RELIGIOUSLY. THE TRUCK ONLY HAS 66,000 MILES ON IT. THERE HAVE BEEN NUMEROUS COMPLAINTS TO THE NHTSA, AND IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT THIS HAS BEEN KNOWN ABOUT FOR SOME TIME. THERE ARE ALSO SOME CLASS ACTION LAWSUITS THAT ARE IN PLACE. I CANNOT AFFORD THIS REPAIR. I WILL GET A PETITION GOING TO ASK THE NHTSA TO RECALL THESE VEHICLES. IF THE NHTSA KNOWS THAT THERE IS A PROBLEM, AND SOMEONE HAS AN ACCIDENT AND KILLS SOMEONE, WOULD THAT NOT HAVE THE NHTSA SHOULDER SOME BLAME? IS THIS ANOTHER COVER UP LIKE THE GENERAL MOTORS IGNITION RECALL? I URGE YOU TO PLEASE RECALL THESE AFFECTED VEHICLES. FORD KNOWS THAT THERE IS A PROBLEM, AND THEY IMMEDIATELY BLAME IT ON FUEL. I HAVE 6 TRUCKS THAT ALL RUN ON DIESEL. THE ONLY ONE THAT HAS THIS PROBLEM IS THIS VEHICLE. I WOULD LIKE SOMEONE FROM THIS AGENCY TO CONTACT ME ASAP. THIS TRUCK IS A MAIN SOURCE OF INCOME FOR ME AND MY EMPLOYEES, AND IT I SITTING AT A DEALER FOR 5 DAYS SO FAR.

NHTSA complaint #10609885 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

at 66,000 miles Pomona, NY

FUEL SYSTEM, DIESEL

EMPLOYEES WERE DRIVING TRUCK ON A LEVEL ROAD, AND IT RAPIDLY LOST POWER. THEY STOPPED AND CALLED ME, AND I TOLD THEM TO CHECK A NUMBER OF THINGS. EVERYTHING LOOKED OK. BROUGHT THE VEHICLE TO FORD DEALER, AND WAS INFORMED THAT THE FUEL TANK WAS RUSTED/RUSTING ON THE INSIDE. THEY ADVISED ME THAT THE TANK, SENDING UNIT, AND FUEL PUMP NEEDED TO BE REPLACED, BEFORE THEY COULD SEE IF THE INJECTORS, FUEL LINES, AND TURBO WERE DAMAGED. I CHECKED ON THE INTERNET BEFORE AUTHORIZING THE REPAIRS, AND WAS ASTOUNDED BY THE AMOUNT OF PEOPLE THAT HAD THE SAME EXACT ISSUES. THE TANKS ARE DEFECTIVE, AND DELAMINATE, THEREFORE CLOGGING THE FUEL SYSTEM. THEY REPAIR BILL THAT I WAS QUOTED BEFORE WE EVEN GOT TO THE ENGINE, WAS $3700.00+TAX!!!. THIS IS UNREAL THAT THE NHTSA HAS NOT FORCED A RECALL YET. DOES SOMEONE HAVE TO DIE FIRST? SOME PEOPLE REPORTED REPAIR BILLS OF $11,000+!! I AM A SMALL BUSINESS OWNER. I PAID $45,000.00 FOR THIS VEHICLE, MAINTAINED IT RELIGIOUSLY. THE TRUCK ONLY HAS 66,000 MILES ON IT. THERE HAVE BEEN NUMEROUS COMPLAINTS TO THE NHTSA, AND IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT THIS HAS BEEN KNOWN ABOUT FOR SOME TIME. THERE ARE ALSO SOME CLASS ACTION LAWSUITS THAT ARE IN PLACE. I CANNOT AFFORD THIS REPAIR. I WILL GET A PETITION GOING TO ASK THE NHTSA TO RECALL THESE VEHICLES. IF THE NHTSA KNOWS THAT THERE IS A PROBLEM, AND SOMEONE HAS AN ACCIDENT AND KILLS SOMEONE, WOULD THAT NOT HAVE THE NHTSA SHOULDER SOME BLAME? IS THIS ANOTHER COVER UP LIKE THE GENERAL MOTORS IGNITION RECALL? I URGE YOU TO PLEASE RECALL THESE AFFECTED VEHICLES. FORD KNOWS THAT THERE IS A PROBLEM, AND THEY IMMEDIATELY BLAME IT ON FUEL. I HAVE 6 TRUCKS THAT ALL RUN ON DIESEL. THE ONLY ONE THAT HAS THIS PROBLEM IS THIS VEHICLE. I WOULD LIKE SOMEONE FROM THIS AGENCY TO CONTACT ME ASAP. THIS TRUCK IS A MAIN SOURCE OF INCOME FOR ME AND MY EMPLOYEES, AND IT I SITTING AT A DEALER FOR 5 DAYS SO FAR.

NHTSA complaint #10609885 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

at 66,000 miles Pomona, NY

ENGINE

EMPLOYEES WERE DRIVING TRUCK ON A LEVEL ROAD, AND IT RAPIDLY LOST POWER. THEY STOPPED AND CALLED ME, AND I TOLD THEM TO CHECK A NUMBER OF THINGS. EVERYTHING LOOKED OK. BROUGHT THE VEHICLE TO FORD DEALER, AND WAS INFORMED THAT THE FUEL TANK WAS RUSTED/RUSTING ON THE INSIDE. THEY ADVISED ME THAT THE TANK, SENDING UNIT, AND FUEL PUMP NEEDED TO BE REPLACED, BEFORE THEY COULD SEE IF THE INJECTORS, FUEL LINES, AND TURBO WERE DAMAGED. I CHECKED ON THE INTERNET BEFORE AUTHORIZING THE REPAIRS, AND WAS ASTOUNDED BY THE AMOUNT OF PEOPLE THAT HAD THE SAME EXACT ISSUES. THE TANKS ARE DEFECTIVE, AND DELAMINATE, THEREFORE CLOGGING THE FUEL SYSTEM. THEY REPAIR BILL THAT I WAS QUOTED BEFORE WE EVEN GOT TO THE ENGINE, WAS $3700.00+TAX!!!. THIS IS UNREAL THAT THE NHTSA HAS NOT FORCED A RECALL YET. DOES SOMEONE HAVE TO DIE FIRST? SOME PEOPLE REPORTED REPAIR BILLS OF $11,000+!! I AM A SMALL BUSINESS OWNER. I PAID $45,000.00 FOR THIS VEHICLE, MAINTAINED IT RELIGIOUSLY. THE TRUCK ONLY HAS 66,000 MILES ON IT. THERE HAVE BEEN NUMEROUS COMPLAINTS TO THE NHTSA, AND IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT THIS HAS BEEN KNOWN ABOUT FOR SOME TIME. THERE ARE ALSO SOME CLASS ACTION LAWSUITS THAT ARE IN PLACE. I CANNOT AFFORD THIS REPAIR. I WILL GET A PETITION GOING TO ASK THE NHTSA TO RECALL THESE VEHICLES. IF THE NHTSA KNOWS THAT THERE IS A PROBLEM, AND SOMEONE HAS AN ACCIDENT AND KILLS SOMEONE, WOULD THAT NOT HAVE THE NHTSA SHOULDER SOME BLAME? IS THIS ANOTHER COVER UP LIKE THE GENERAL MOTORS IGNITION RECALL? I URGE YOU TO PLEASE RECALL THESE AFFECTED VEHICLES. FORD KNOWS THAT THERE IS A PROBLEM, AND THEY IMMEDIATELY BLAME IT ON FUEL. I HAVE 6 TRUCKS THAT ALL RUN ON DIESEL. THE ONLY ONE THAT HAS THIS PROBLEM IS THIS VEHICLE. I WOULD LIKE SOMEONE FROM THIS AGENCY TO CONTACT ME ASAP. THIS TRUCK IS A MAIN SOURCE OF INCOME FOR ME AND MY EMPLOYEES, AND IT I SITTING AT A DEALER FOR 5 DAYS SO FAR.

NHTSA complaint #10609885 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

at 32,000 miles Durham, PA

FUEL/PROPULSION SYSTEM

LEAK IN MOLDED FUEL LINE WHERE LINE CHANGES FROM HOSE TO PIPE. NOT A WEAR ITEM, SAFETY ISSUE. FUEL LINE IS LOCATED OVER EXHAUST MANIFOLD, FUEL LEAK DETECTED BEFORE ADDITIONAL DAMAGE OCCURRED.

NHTSA complaint #10466456 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

at 14,000 miles Tulsa, OK

ENGINE AND ENGINE COOLING:ENGINE

RADIATOR FAILURE OF TOP HEADER SEAL WITH ANTIFREEZE BLOWING BACK OVER PASSENGER SIDE OF THE ENGINE CREATING A POSSIBLE FIRE HAZARD.

NHTSA complaint #10344209 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

Waconia, MN Crash 1 injured

POWER TRAIN:AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION

2007 FORD E450 VAN, DRIVER LIFTED SHIFT LEVER TOWARDS PARK. THE DRIVER THOUGHT THE LEVER WAS IN PARK AND EXITED THE VEHICLE. THE LEVER DROPPED TO REVERSE AND THE VEHICLE RAN THE OVER DRIVER. *BF THE VEHICLE HAS A BRAKE INTERLOCK, IF THE SHIFT LEVER IS PUSHED HARD ENOUGH, IT WILL SHIFT INTO PARK. IF THE SHIFT LEVER IS PUSHED, BUT NOT HARD ENOUGH, THE SHIFT INDICATOR HANGS UP BETWEEN PARK AND REVERSE. (THE VEHICLE IS OWNED BY U-HAUL)

NHTSA complaint #10341188 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

at 24,536 miles DES Moines, IA Fire

SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC

FIRE FROM ABS BRAKE UNIT.

NHTSA complaint #10310783 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

at 30,477 miles DES Moines, IA Fire

SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC

FIRE FROM ABS UNIT.

NHTSA complaint #10310788 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

at 40,000 miles Blueball, PA

SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC

TL*THE CONTACT OWNS A 2007 FORD E-450. WHENEVER THE CONTACT DROVE THE VEHICLE AT ANY SPEED HE NOTICED THAT THE BRAKES BEGAN TO OVERHEAT AND LOCK. THE DEALER STATED THAT THE FAILURE COULD NOT BE SERVICED OR REPRODUCED. THERE WERE NO PRIOR WARNINGS. THE CURRENT AND FAILURE MILEAGES WERE 40000. UPDATED 2/22/10 *CN UPDATED 07/07/10.

NHTSA complaint #10300398 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

at 150,039 miles OAK Harbor, WA

ENGINE AND ENGINE COOLING

UNDER NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS WE HAVE HAD TWO ENGINES (V-10, 6.8L) THROW A SPARK PLUG, STRIPPING OUT THE THREADS. BOTH VEHICLES HAD BEEN ON THE ROAD FOR ABOUT AN HOUR AND UPON LEAVING A STOPLIGHT BLEW THE PLUGS, CAUSING LOST OF POWER, RAW FUEL SMELL, LEADING TO THE VEHICLES BEING TOWED TO THE REPAIR SHOP. 2005 FORD E-450, CYLINDER #3, @ 193,096 MILES ON ENGINE; HORIZON FORD IN SEATTLE RECOMMEND REPLACING ENGINE, REPLACED WITH FORD RE-MANUFACTURED ENGINE. 2007 FORD E-450, CYLINDER #3, @ 150,039 MILES ON ENGINE; REPAIRED UNDER FORD TSB 07-21-2 WITH INSERT.

NHTSA complaint #10300314 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

at 1,500 miles Tacoma, WA

EXTERIOR LIGHTING

TL*THE CONTACT OWNS A 2007 FORD E450. THE CONTACT RECEIVED A RECALL NOTICE FOR THE FUEL SYSTEM AND EXTERIOR LIGHTING IN FEBRUARY OF 2009 AND IMMEDIATELY CALLED THE DEALER. SHE WAS INFORMED THAT BECAUSE THE COMPANY WAS EXPERIENCING FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES, THEY WOULD CHARGE HER $300 PER REPAIR. IF THE VEHICLE IS NOT REPAIRED, A CATASTROPHIC FAILURE COULD OCCUR. THE VEHICLE HAS NOT BEEN REPAIRED. THE CONTACT IS IN THE PROCESS OF NOTIFYING THE MANUFACTURER. THE NHTSA CAMPAIGN ID NUMBER WAS UNKNOWN. THE FAILURE AND CURRENT MILEAGES WERE 1,500.

NHTSA complaint #10265621 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

at 1,500 miles Tacoma, WA

FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE

TL*THE CONTACT OWNS A 2007 FORD E450. THE CONTACT RECEIVED A RECALL NOTICE FOR THE FUEL SYSTEM AND EXTERIOR LIGHTING IN FEBRUARY OF 2009 AND IMMEDIATELY CALLED THE DEALER. SHE WAS INFORMED THAT BECAUSE THE COMPANY WAS EXPERIENCING FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES, THEY WOULD CHARGE HER $300 PER REPAIR. IF THE VEHICLE IS NOT REPAIRED, A CATASTROPHIC FAILURE COULD OCCUR. THE VEHICLE HAS NOT BEEN REPAIRED. THE CONTACT IS IN THE PROCESS OF NOTIFYING THE MANUFACTURER. THE NHTSA CAMPAIGN ID NUMBER WAS UNKNOWN. THE FAILURE AND CURRENT MILEAGES WERE 1,500.

NHTSA complaint #10265621 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.

at 42,000 miles Corona, CA Crash

AIR BAGS:FRONTAL

DRIVER AND PASSENGER AIRBAGS DID NOT DEPLOY DURING AUTO ACCIDENT, DAMAGE TO RIGHT FRONT END AND RIGHT FENDER.RIGHT WHEEL AND BRKAE ASSEMBLY COMPLETLY DETACHED FROM AUTOMOBILE.DASHBOARD CAME APART.

NHTSA complaint #10213731 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.