Owners have filed 20 complaints
about the 2007 Dodge RAM with NHTSA between 2007 and 2024.
The largest single group is the transmission & drivetrain.
Across this model's run it ranks 17 of 18 worst.
The letter says how bad. This says what kind — whether this year drew
an unusual number of complaints, unusually dangerous
ones, or failures that arrived unusually early.
The dashed ring is 50 — the national norm. Further out is worse.
Complaint volume — 3
Against the median year of the Dodge RAM. 50 means typical for this
model; 100 means roughly double.
Severity — 52
10% of these complaints
involved a crash, fire, injury or death, against a national rate of
9.7%.
Early failure — 32
19% of failures with a mileage on record happened under
36,000 miles, against a national rate of
29%.
Complaints filed with NHTSA, by model year. Bar colour is the FaultScore grade:
A
B
C
D
F
ungraded
What breaks on a 2007 Dodge RAM
Every complaint is filed against a part. Follow any row for the complaints about that part alone.
Transmission & Drivetrain
420.0%
1 crashes, 0 fires · median 59,436 mi
Engine & Cooling
315.0%
0 crashes, 1 fires · median 185,000 mi
Windows, Mirrors & Wipers
210.0%
Median failure at 91,004 miles
Lights
210.0%
Median failure at 59,500 miles
Body & Structure
210.0%
Median failure at 46,000 miles
Brakes
210.0%
Median failure at 36,000 miles
Equipment & Accessories
15.0%
Median failure at 70,000 miles
Tires
15.0%
Median failure at 1,600 miles
Fuel & Propulsion
15.0%
Median failure at 3,000 miles
Suspension
15.0%
Electrical System
15.0%
Median failure at 45,000 miles
When it fails
Odometer readings owners gave when they filed. About half of all
complaints include one.
Under 1,000 miles
16.3%
1,000 – 9,999 miles
212.5%
25,000 – 49,999 miles
531.3%
50,000 – 74,999 miles
425.0%
100,000 – 149,999 miles
212.5%
150,000+ miles
212.5%
When owners complained
A spike years after the car went on sale usually means a part wearing
out on schedule across the whole fleet — the kind of pattern no single
owner can see from inside their own car.
Nov 2007peak 4Oct 2024
Recalls on the 2007 Dodge RAM
A complaint is one owner's allegation. A recall is the point at which
the manufacturer or a regulator agreed the defect is real and dangerous
enough to fix for free — however old the car is.
Canada — Transport Canada
Canada runs its own recall programme, and its campaigns do not
always mirror the American ones.
Recall 2016265459,492 units in Canada
Airbag
On certain vehicles, long-term exposure to high absolute humidity and temperature, combined with high temperature cycling, could eventually degrade the propellant contained in the passenger frontal airbag. This could cause the airbag to deploy with more force than normal. As a result, if the vehicle were involved in a collision that warrants airbag deployment, fragments could be propelled toward vehicle occupants, and the airbag assembly could be damaged, preventing proper function. These issues could increase the risk of injury. Correction: Dealers will replace the airbag inflator. Note: Canadian climate results in the propellant degrading slowly. The recall is being conducted as a precaution to address future risk, and is expected to replace airbag inflators before their function would be affected.
Recall 2015228374,508 units in Canada
Airbag
On certain vehicles, the driver frontal airbag inflator could produce excessive internal pressure during airbag deployment. Increased pressure may cause the inflator to rupture, which could allow fragments to be propelled toward vehicle occupants, increasing the risk of injury. This could also damage the airbag module, which could prevent proper deployment. Failure of the airbag to fully deploy during a crash (where deployment is warranted) could increase the risk of personal injury to the seat occupant. Note: This recall supersedes special service campaign 2015-003. Correction: Dealers will replace airbag inflators. All vehicles having received a replacement inflator as part of the previous special service campaign will have a replacement inflator installed.
Recall 20150931,000 units in Canada
Airbag
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) Canada is conducting a voluntary Safety Improvement Program involving Takata driver and/or passenger airbag inflators installed in certain vehicles that were originally sold or ever registered in certain high humidity areas of the United States. Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) will replace the driver and/or passenger inflator on affected vehicles, depending on the vehicle involved. Owners who believe their vehicles may have been originally purchased or registered in Florida, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands should contact a Fiat Chrysler Automobile (FCA) dealer. This action is not being conducted under the requirements of the Motor Vehicle Safety Act. Note: For the 2003 model year Dodge RAM, only the passenger side inflator would need replacement. Additional Note: This special service campaign was replaced by recalls 2015094 and 2015228. Please see these recalls for more information: <a href="http://wwwapps.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/7/VRDB-BDRV/search-recherche/detail.aspx?lang=eng&&rn=2015094">Click here for more information on the 2015094 recall</a> <a href="http://wwwapps.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/7/VRDB-BDRV/search-recherche/detail.aspx?lang=eng&&rn=2015228">Click here for more information on the 2015228 recall</a>
Recall 2015003258,600 units in Canada
Airbag
Chrysler Canada is conducting a voluntary Safety Improvement Campaign concerning the driver's airbag inflator on certain vehicles equipped with Takata airbags. Chrysler Canada will replace the driver's inflator on affected vehicles. This action is not being conducted under the requirements of the Motor Vehicle Safety Act. Note: This special service campaign was replaced by recall 2015228. Please see recall 2015228 for more information: <a href="http://wwwapps.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/7/VRDB-BDRV/search-recherche/detail.aspx?lang=eng&&rn=2015228">Click here for more information</a>
Recall 201339511,000 units in Canada
Steering
A safety defect may exist in aftermarket steering linkage equipment sold as service replacement parts for 2500 and 3500 4x4 pickup trucks. If the drag link assemblies in question were installed improperly, the left tie rod ball stud may fracture, potentially resulting in a loss of vehicle control and a crash causing injury and/or property damage. Chrysler will notify owners of all 2003-2008 Dodge Ram heavy duty trucks (other than those covered by recall 2013-397 (N49)) since those vehicles could potentially have had the affected linkages installed during service. Owners will be instructed to take their vehicle to a dealer for inspection and repair if required. Note: This recall supersedes recall 2009-019 (H46). Parts replaced under the previous campaign will also need to be replaced under this campaign.
Recall 201125349,800 units in Canada
Steering
On certain 2008-2011 Ram 2500 and 3500 4x4, Ram 3500 cab chassis 4x2 and 4x4, and 2008 Ram 1500 Mega Cab 4x4 vehicles, the left outer tie rod ball stud could fracture. Additionally, other 2003-2008 Ram vehicles may have received the affected tie rod as a replacement part during service, and are therefore also involved in this campaign. Although this condition tends to occur when making a tight turn during low speed parking lot type maneuvers, tie rod failure could result in a loss of directional stability. A loss of steering control could result in a crash causing property damage and/or personal injury. Correction: Dealers will inspect and, if necessary, replace the left outer tie rod end and tighten the track bar bolt. Note: The tie rod replacement portion of this recall was superseded by recall 2013-396.
Recall 2009081363 units in Canada
Electrical
Certain aftermarket replacement windshield wiper motor assemblies, sold during the '08 and '09 calendar year for use as service equipment on 2002-2009 Dodge Ram pickup trucks, may be susceptible to water intrusion that could result in partial or complete loss of windshield wiping capability. Should this occur during a rainy/snowy day, it could increase the risk of a crash, causing property damage, personal injury or death. Correction: Owners who had windshield wiper motor assemblies serviced during the '08 and '09 calendar year will be requested to take their vehicle to a Chrysler dealer for inspection and repair if required.
Recall 20090194,500 units in Canada
Steering
Defective aftermarket steering drag links many have been sold as service replacement parts for 2500 and 3500 pickup trucks. The drag link assemblies in question may fracture, which could result in a loss of vehicle control and a crash, causing property damage, personal injury or death. Also, in some cases, the steering damper attaching bracket may yield and shift on the linkage. This may restrict the ability to turn the vehicle in one direction. Chrysler will notify owners (other than those covered by recall 09-010 (H36)) of all 2003-2008 Dodge Ram heavy duty trucks since those vehicles could potentially have had the affected linkages installed during service. Owners will be instructed to take their vehicle to a dealer for inspection and repair if required.
Reports where the owner recorded a crash, a fire, an injury or a death.
at 256,000 milesOakley, IDFire
ENGINE AND ENGINE COOLING
The contact owns a 2007 Dodge Ram 2500. The vehicle was taken to a dealer for both an oil change and to have the vehicle serviced for NHTSA Campaign Number: 16V352000 (Air Bags). The contact was later informed that there was another recall on the vehicle for NHTSA Campaign Number: 08V641000 (Engine and Engine Cooling); however, the part for the repair was not available. An appointment was then made to bring the vehicle back to the dealer on a later date for service. A few days later while the contact's husband was driving at 80 MPH with a horse trailer attached to the vehicle, the vehicle caught fire. The contact's husband managed to pull over and extinguish the fire. A police report was filed. No injuries were reported. The vehicle was towed back to the dealer where it remained their possession. The manufacturer was not notified of the failure. The vehicle was not repaired. The failure mileage was approximately 256,000.
NHTSA complaint #11611864 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 70,000 milesHouston, TXCrash
POWER TRAIN:DRIVELINE:DIFFERENTIAL UNIT
TL*THE CONTACT OWNS A 2007 DODGE RAM. WHILE DRIVING 65 MPH, THE VEHICLE SUDDENLY KICKED INTO GEAR. THE CONTACT HEARD A LOUD POPPING SOUND COMING FROM THE ENGINE COMPARTMENT. HE LOST CONTROL OF THE VEHICLE AND IT SPUN INTO A WALL. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. HE ATTEMPTED TO RESTART THE VEHICLE AND PLACE IT INTO DRIVE, BUT THE GEAR WOULD NOT STICK. THE VEHICLE WAS TOWED, BUT HAS NOT BEEN INSPECTED BY THE DEALER. THE CONTACT BELIEVES THAT THE DIFFERENTIALS CAUSED THE FAILURE. HE CALLED THE MANUFACTURER, BUT THEY REFUSED TO MAKE ANY REPAIRS. THE CURRENT AND FAILURE MILEAGES WERE 70,000.
NHTSA complaint #10277559 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
The most recent complaints
In the owners' own words, exactly as filed with NHTSA.
at 3,000 milesSacramento, CA
FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE
The contact owns a 2007 Dodge Ram. The contact stated when refueling the vehicle, the fuel did not enter the fuel tank as intended, however, the fuel spilled out onto the ground. The vehicle was not diagnosed or repaired by an independent mechanic or the dealer. The manufacturer was made aware of the failure. The contact was informed that the repair was not eligible for coverage under the warranty program SB-10056513-6651, which had a similar failure description. The failure mileage was approximately 3,000.
NHTSA complaint #11620442 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 256,000 milesOakley, IDFire
ENGINE AND ENGINE COOLING
The contact owns a 2007 Dodge Ram 2500. The vehicle was taken to a dealer for both an oil change and to have the vehicle serviced for NHTSA Campaign Number: 16V352000 (Air Bags). The contact was later informed that there was another recall on the vehicle for NHTSA Campaign Number: 08V641000 (Engine and Engine Cooling); however, the part for the repair was not available. An appointment was then made to bring the vehicle back to the dealer on a later date for service. A few days later while the contact's husband was driving at 80 MPH with a horse trailer attached to the vehicle, the vehicle caught fire. The contact's husband managed to pull over and extinguish the fire. A police report was filed. No injuries were reported. The vehicle was towed back to the dealer where it remained their possession. The manufacturer was not notified of the failure. The vehicle was not repaired. The failure mileage was approximately 256,000.
NHTSA complaint #11611864 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 137,008 milesUniontown, AL
VISIBILITY:WINDSHIELD WIPER/WASHER
The contact owns a 2007 Dodge Ram 1500. The contact stated that after operating the windshield wipers, the vehicle stalled. The vehicle was able to restart but the contact was unable to use the wipers and drive at the same time. The dealer was not contacted. The vehicle was not repaired. The manufacturer was not notified of the failure. The approximate failure mileage was 137,008.
NHTSA complaint #11434217 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 137,008 milesUniontown, AL
ENGINE
The contact owns a 2007 Dodge Ram 1500. The contact stated that after operating the windshield wipers, the vehicle stalled. The vehicle was able to restart but the contact was unable to use the wipers and drive at the same time. The dealer was not contacted. The vehicle was not repaired. The manufacturer was not notified of the failure. The approximate failure mileage was 137,008.
NHTSA complaint #11434217 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 185,000 milesAvon, IN
ENGINE
The contact owns a 2007 Dodge Ram. The contact stated that while operating the vehicle, exhaust fumes were present inside the cabin of the vehicle. The contact indicated that the failure was caused by the exhaust manifold bolts shearing off, causing exhaust fumes to leak from the exhaust system into the cabin of the vehicle. The vehicle was not yet repaired. The cause of the failure was not determined. The local dealer was notified of the failure. The manufacturer was not yet contacted. The failure mileage was 185,000.
NHTSA complaint #11431575 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 74,000 milesSAN Antonio, TX
EXTERIOR LIGHTING:TURN SIGNAL:SWITCH
TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2007 DODGE RAM. THE CONTACT STATED THAT WHENEVER SHE ACTIVATED A TURN SIGNAL, THE OPPOSITE SIGNAL WOULD ILLUMINATE. THE VEHICLE WAS NOT TAKEN TO THE DEALER. THE MANUFACTURER WAS NOT CONTACTED. THE FAILURE AND CURRENT MILEAGES WERE 74,000. UPDATED 09/11/12*LJ UPDATED 09/13/2012
NHTSA complaint #10468963 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 59,436 milesTwin Lake, MI
POWER TRAIN
TL* THE CONTACT WANTED TO USE THE FOLLOWING COMPLAINT THAT WAS EMAILED TO NHTSA. SHIFT CABLE ON 2007 DODGE RAM BIG HORN EDITION COMMENTS: MY HUSBAND AND I RECENTLY HAD OUR RAM SERVICED THE PLASTIC YES PLASTIC CLAMP HOLDING THE SHIFT CABLE EITHER BROKE OR FELL OFF THE CABLE CAME TO REST ON THE MUFFLER THE HEAT FROM THE MUFFLER BURNT THE CABLE AND CAUSED IT TO SNAP I FEEL THIS IS A DESIGN FLAW AND A POSSIBLE SAFETY HAZARD WHAT IF THIS HAPPENED WHILE MY HUSBAND WAS DRIVING? ALSO A PLASTIC CLAMP COULD EASILY BREAK AGAIN AND WE WOULD BE SUBJECT TO ANOTHER COSTLY REPAIR I GOT IN TOUCH WITH DODGE AND THEY WILL NOT ASSIST I WAS TOLD THAT THERE ARE A LOT OF PLASTIC PARTS ON VEHICLES I WAS ALSO INFORMED THAT THE PLASTIC CLAMP WAS DAMAGED AND THEREFORE THEY COULD NOT HELP WITH A REIMBURSEMENT I AM ANGRY NOW THAT DODGE BASICALLY WOULDN'T LISTEN TO MY CONCERNS SO I DECIDED TO WRITE NHTSA ALL I CAN SAY IS IF THIS HAPPENS AGAIN AND MY HUSBAND AND/OR I ARE HURT OR WORSE AS A RESULT DODGE WILL BE FACE A LAWSUIT JUST STATING THE FACTS. THE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 59,436.
NHTSA complaint #10427776 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 45,000 milesHubbardston, MI
EXTERIOR LIGHTING
MULTI SWITCH MALFUNTIONS WHILE DRIVING WITH HEAD LIGHTS ON...THE HEAD LIGHTS GO OUT..THE WIPERS WILL QUIT ALSO.
NHTSA complaint #10425948 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 45,000 milesHubbardston, MI
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
MULTI SWITCH MALFUNTIONS WHILE DRIVING WITH HEAD LIGHTS ON...THE HEAD LIGHTS GO OUT..THE WIPERS WILL QUIT ALSO.
NHTSA complaint #10425948 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 45,000 milesHubbardston, MI
VISIBILITY
MULTI SWITCH MALFUNTIONS WHILE DRIVING WITH HEAD LIGHTS ON...THE HEAD LIGHTS GO OUT..THE WIPERS WILL QUIT ALSO.
NHTSA complaint #10425948 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Dixon, CA
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC
2007 RAM TRUCK. CONSUMER STATES BRAKE MALFUNCTION *TGW THE CONSUMER STATED HE TOOK THE TRUCK TO THE DEALERSHIP AFTER ALMOST REAR ENDING ANOTHER VEHICLE, BECAUSE THE BRAKE MALFUNCTIONED. THE DEALER WAS UNABLE TO DUPLICATE THE PROBLEM. ON DECEMBER 15, 2010, THE BRAKES FAILED AGAIN WHILE HAULING A TRAILER. THE CONSUMER LOST CONTROL OF THE TRUCK AND THE TRAILER AND CAME CLOSE TO CAUSING A SERIOUS ACCIDENT. THE NEXT DAY, THE TRUCK WAS TOWED TO THE DEALER, BUT THEY WERE UNABLE TO FIND A PROBLEM.
NHTSA complaint #10380681 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 70,000 milesDayton, OH
EQUIPMENT
TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2007 DODGE RAM. THE CONTACT STATED THAT WHILE TRYING TO REPLACE THE SPARE TIRE HE WAS UNABLE TO REMOVE THE TIRE BECAUSE THE FLAT IRON WAS BENT AND WOULD NOT FUNCTION PROPERLY. THE VEHICLE HAS NEITHER INSPECTED NOR REPAIRED. THE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS APPROXIMATELY 70,000.
NHTSA complaint #10375420 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 46,000 milesResaca, GA
STRUCTURE
TL*THE CONTACT OWNS A 2007 DODGE RAM. THE CONTACT STATED THAT WHILE DRIVING APPROXIMATELY 35 MPH DURING RAINY WEATHER CONDITIONS WATER WOULD SEEP THROUGH THE DRIVERS SIDE OF THE VEHICLE. HE WAS UNABLE TO DETERMINE WHERE IT WAS ACTUALLY ENTERING THE VEHICLE. THE WATER DAMAGED THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM ON THE INSTRUMENT PANEL. THE VEHICLE WAS NOT INSPECTED BY A DEALER DUE TO THE FEE. THE VEHICLE HAD NOT BEEN REPAIRED. THE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS APPROXIMATELY 46,000. THE VIN WAS UNAVAILABLE.
NHTSA complaint #10370927 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Palmyra, NY
SUSPENSION:FRONT:WHEEL BEARING
2007 DODGE RAM 15. CONSUMER STATES VEHICLE HAS BAD WHEEL BEARING.*TGW THE CONSUMER STATED SHE HEARD A LOUD NOISE WHILE DRIVING. THE CONSUMER PULLED OVER AND DISCOVERED THE TIRE WAS SIDEWAYS.
NHTSA complaint #10323133 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Unknown, DC
STRUCTURE
2007 DODGE RAM HAS ISSUE WITH A SHUDDER ON THE VEHICLE AND TSB OR RECALL QUESTIONS. *NJ THE CONSUMER WAS INFORMED THE TSB DID NOT PERTAIN TO HIS VEHICLE.
NHTSA complaint #10299368 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 70,000 milesHouston, TXCrash
POWER TRAIN:DRIVELINE:DIFFERENTIAL UNIT
TL*THE CONTACT OWNS A 2007 DODGE RAM. WHILE DRIVING 65 MPH, THE VEHICLE SUDDENLY KICKED INTO GEAR. THE CONTACT HEARD A LOUD POPPING SOUND COMING FROM THE ENGINE COMPARTMENT. HE LOST CONTROL OF THE VEHICLE AND IT SPUN INTO A WALL. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. HE ATTEMPTED TO RESTART THE VEHICLE AND PLACE IT INTO DRIVE, BUT THE GEAR WOULD NOT STICK. THE VEHICLE WAS TOWED, BUT HAS NOT BEEN INSPECTED BY THE DEALER. THE CONTACT BELIEVES THAT THE DIFFERENTIALS CAUSED THE FAILURE. HE CALLED THE MANUFACTURER, BUT THEY REFUSED TO MAKE ANY REPAIRS. THE CURRENT AND FAILURE MILEAGES WERE 70,000.
NHTSA complaint #10277559 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 800 milesBushnell, IL
POWER TRAIN:AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION
TL*THE CONTACT OWNS A 2007 DODGE RAM. THE CONTACT STATED THAT THE VEHICLE WOULD NOT SHIFT INTO OVERDRIVE. WHILE DRIVING LESS THAN 65 MPH, THE CONTACT WOULD ENGAGE THE CRUISE CONTROL AND WHATEVER GEAR HE WOULD SHIFT INTO WOULD CAUSE THE VEHICLE TO GET LESS GAS MILEAGE. IN ADDITION, THE MOTOR WOULD RUN FASTER THAN NORMAL. THE DEALER STATED THAT IF HE WOULD MANIPULATE THE FOOT PEDAL, THE OVERDRIVE WOULD ENGAGE. THE DEALER ALSO STATED THAT THE VEHICLE WAS OPERATING IN THE MANNER IT WAS DESIGNED. THE FAILURE AND CURRENT MILEAGES WERE LESS THAN 8,800. UPDATED 1/6/09 *CN THE CONSUMER STATED THE TRANSMISSION WOULD DROP OUT OF DRIVE AND THE ENGINE SPEED WENT UP INSTEAD OF DOWN. UPDATED 01/14/09.
NHTSA complaint #10252113 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 36,000 milesKila, MT
SERVICE BRAKES, ELECTRIC
THE BRAKE LIGHT ON MY TRUCK HAD COME ON. I HAD TAKEN THE TRUCK INTO THE DEALERSHIP TO INVESTIGATE THE CAUSE. THIS WEEK WHILE HAULING A TRAILER BEHIND THE TRUCK, THE WHOLE BREAK CALIPER FELL OFF OF THE TRUCK. THE BOLTS HAD NOT BROKEN, BUT WERE SIMPLY GONE. I HAD NO BRAKES AT ALL, ALMOST CAUSING A WRECK. THE DEALERSHIP AND CHRYSLER WERE BOTH CONTACTED REGARDING THE PROBLEM. THE RESPONSE WAS THAT BRAKES ARE NOT COVERED PAST 18,000 MILES. THE ISSUE WITH THE TRUCK IS NOT DUE TO NORMAL WEAR AND TEAR. THE BRAKE SHOES ARE IN GOOD CONDITION. THE BRAKE MECHANISM SIMPLE FELL OFF OF THE TRUCK. THIS ALSO WAS EXPLAINED AND THE COMPANY SAID THAT IT WOULD NOT BE COVERED UNDER WARRANTY.
NHTSA complaint #10241630 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 1,600 milesNEW Cumberland, WV
TIRES:VALVE
2007 DODGE RAM TRUCK WITH DEFECTIVE VALVE STEMS. CONSUMER STATES THAT TRUCK'S TIRES LOST AIR PRESSURE DUE TO DEFECTIVE VALVE STEMS.
NHTSA complaint #10235015 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Orlando, FL
POWER TRAIN:DRIVELINE:DRIVESHAFT
2007 DODGE PICK UP RECALL RECEIVED ABOUT PROPELLER SHAFT YOKE. CONSUMER STATED THAT THE DEALER ORDERED THE PART AND WOULD RECEIVE IT IN TWO WEEKS. CONSUMER CALLED DEALER BACK AND WAS TOLD THE PART HAD NOT BEEN SHIPPED YET.
NHTSA complaint #10210529 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.