Owners have filed 144 complaints
about the 2015 Nissan Leaf with NHTSA between 2014 and 2026.
The largest single group is the brakes.
Across this model's run it ranks 6 of 14 worst.
The letter says how bad. This says what kind — whether this year drew
an unusual number of complaints, unusually dangerous
ones, or failures that arrived unusually early.
The dashed ring is 50 — the national norm. Further out is worse.
Complaint volume — 68
Against the median year of the Nissan Leaf. 50 means typical for this
model; 100 means roughly double.
Severity — 43
8.3% of these complaints
involved a crash, fire, injury or death, against a national rate of
9.7%.
Early failure — 100
69% of failures with a mileage on record happened under
36,000 miles, against a national rate of
29%.
Odometer readings owners gave when they filed. About half of all
complaints include one.
Under 1,000 miles
55.7%
1,000 – 9,999 miles
2022.7%
10,000 – 24,999 miles
1415.9%
25,000 – 49,999 miles
3135.2%
50,000 – 74,999 miles
1517.0%
75,000 – 99,999 miles
22.3%
100,000 – 149,999 miles
11.1%
When owners complained
A spike years after the car went on sale usually means a part wearing
out on schedule across the whole fleet — the kind of pattern no single
owner can see from inside their own car.
Dec 2014peak 7Aug 2026
NHTSA investigations into the 2015 Nissan Leaf
An investigation is the step before a recall: the agency has seen enough
complaints to look into a pattern itself. An open one means it thinks
something may be wrong and nothing has been fixed yet.
DP22005Opened 27 Jan 2023Closed 7 Aug 2023ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:PROPULSION SYSTEM
Pedestrian alert sounds
NHTSA received a petition on or about July 18, 2022, requesting that Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 141 be applied to all electric and hybrid vehicles operating in the United States. The petition can be reviewed at NHTSA.gov under ODI Number 11486072. FMVSS 141 establishes performance requirements for pedestrian alert sounds for motor vehicles. The standard applies to hybrid and electric vehicles that have a gross vehicle weight rating of 4,536 KG or less or are defined as low-speed vehicles. The standard became fully applicable to all such vehicles manufactured on or after Marc...
Recalls on the 2015 Nissan Leaf
A complaint is one owner's allegation. A recall is the point at which
the manufacturer or a regulator agreed the defect is real and dangerous
enough to fix for free — however old the car is.
Canada — Transport Canada
Canada runs its own recall programme, and its campaigns do not
always mirror the American ones.
Recall 20232254,850 units in Canada
Heater And Defroster
Issue: When the temperature is below -10° C, the defroster may not work properly if you follow the instructions in the owner's manual and use the maximum fan speed. As a result, you may not be able to defrost the windshield. Note: This is an expansion of Transport Canada recall 2023-045. Safety Risk: A windshield that cannot be defogged or defrosted can reduce visibility and increase the risk of a crash. Corrective Actions: Nissan will notify owners by mail and supply an addendum to the owner's manual that provides the correct settings for using the defroster when the temperature is below -10° C.
Recall 20190444,580 units in Canada
Brakes
Issue: When the car is parked in very cold temperatures for a long time, a relay in the brake system may freeze. If this happens, multiple brake warnings will stay on in the instrument cluster after the car is started. The driver may also notice a hard brake pedal. If the car is driven, this could cause an increase in stopping distance. Safety Risk: An increase in stopping distance could create the risk of a crash. Corrective Actions: The company will mail owners a letter explaining this problem. The letter will describe how the brake warnings work. Drivers should not drive the car if the warnings stay on. Nissan will provide a 4 year/80,000 km warranty extension to repair the problem with relay freezing.
Recall 20172151,567 units in Canada
Airbag
On certain vehicles, the passenger's frontal airbag may not deploy correctly due to an issue in manufacturing. As a result of long-term storage, there could be insufficient compression strength of the coolant within the inflator housing of the passenger's frontal airbag, which may cause the airbag to fail to deploy properly in the event of a crash (where deployment is warranted), which could increase the risk of injury to the front passenger occupant. Correction: Dealers will replace the passenger's frontal airbag inflator.
Recall 2016179257,130 units in Canada
Seats And Restraints
On certain vehicles, a defect in the occupant classification system could allow an adult sitting in the front passenger seat to be classified as a child or an “empty seat”. This would suppress the airbag, which could increase the risk of injury in a crash. Correction: For affected Altima, Maxima, Murano, Rogue and Sentra vehicles, dealers will reprogram the airbag control unit and the occupant classification system control unit. For affected Leaf, NV200, Pathfinder, Q50 and JX35/QX60 vehicles, dealers will replace the occupant classification system electronic control unit.
Recall 2016096647 units in Canada
Brakes
On certain vehicles, when the vehicle is parked in cold temperatures for a prolonged period of time, the relay inside the electronic brake booster may freeze. This may result in increased brake pedal effort, which could increase stopping distances, potentially resulting in a crash causing injury and/or damage property. Correction: An Electric Vehicle certified dealer will reprogram the electrically-driven Intelligent Brake Control Unit software. Note: If this condition were present, a brake warning lamp would illuminate when the vehicle is first started to alert the operator of the issue.
Reports where the owner recorded a crash, a fire, an injury or a death.
Asheville, NCCrash
VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL
I was driving with one passenger going at very low speed. I began to turn into parking area and suddenly the car accelerated at an alarming speed. I applied total pressure on the brake to no avail, it did not override the acceleration. I steered into the back of another parked vehicle. The impact pushed the large heavy vehicle down into a ditch and deployed the airbags for both myself and passenger. 911 was called, Police arrived, tow trucks. My vehicle was totalled, and insurance now has the claim. If this has occurred on a highway or busy city street, many lives would have been at risk.
NHTSA complaint #11499319 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Asheville, NCCrash
SERVICE BRAKES
I was driving with one passenger going at very low speed. I began to turn into parking area and suddenly the car accelerated at an alarming speed. I applied total pressure on the brake to no avail, it did not override the acceleration. I steered into the back of another parked vehicle. The impact pushed the large heavy vehicle down into a ditch and deployed the airbags for both myself and passenger. 911 was called, Police arrived, tow trucks. My vehicle was totalled, and insurance now has the claim. If this has occurred on a highway or busy city street, many lives would have been at risk.
NHTSA complaint #11499319 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Paulina, LACrash1 injured
SERVICE BRAKES
Brakes fail cause as a wreck while parking
NHTSA complaint #11448501 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 33,000 milesFort Collins, COCrash
SERVICE BRAKES
I WAS DRIVING FOWN THE HIGHWAY AND THE CAR IN FRONT OF ME STOPPED. I WAS GOING 45 MPH. I WAS TWO CAR LENGTHS BEHIND HIM. I HIT THE BRAKES AND THE CAR WOULDN'T STOP. I THEN SLAMMED THE BRAKES AND THE CAR SLOWED DOWN, BUT I ENDED UP REAR ENDING HIM. IT FELT LIKE MY CAR WAS ON ICE, BUT THE ROADS WERE CLEAR. IT WAS 29 DEGREES OUTSIDE.
NHTSA complaint #11156463 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 25,000 milesTracy, CACrash1 injured
AIR BAGS
TL* THE CONTACT OWNED A 2015 NISSAN LEAF. WHILE DRIVING APPROXIMATELY 40 MPH, THE VEHICLE WAS INVOLVED IN A FRONT END THREE VEHICLE COLLISION. THE AIR BAGS DID NOT DEPLOY. THE VEHICLE WAS TOWED TO A TOWING YARD WHERE IT WAS DEEMED DESTROYED. THE MANUFACTURER WAS NOTIFIED OF THE FAILURE. THERE WAS ONE INJURY THAT DID NOT REQUIRE MEDICAL ATTENTION. THE CONTACT SUFFERED FROM BACK PAIN AND PAIN TO THE RIGHT HAND AND THUMB PAIN. A POLICE REPORT WAS FILED. THE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS APPROXIMATELY 25,000.
NHTSA complaint #10838480 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 3,000 milesMarietta, GACrash
SERVICE BRAKES
TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2015 NISSAN LEAF. THE CONTACT STATED THAT WHILE DRIVING AT 5 MPH AND ATTEMPTING TO PARK, THE BRAKE PEDAL WAS DEPRESSED AND TRAVELED TO THE FLOORBOARD CAUSING THE CONTACT TO CRASH INTO A BRICK WALL. THE BRAKES FAILED TO RESPOND. A POLICE REPORT WAS NOT FILED AND THERE WERE NO INJURIES SUSTAINED. THE VEHICLE WAS TAKEN TO THE DEALER WHERE IT WAS TO BE DIAGNOSED AND REPAIRED. THE MANUFACTURER WAS MADE AWARE OF THE FAILURE. THE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 3,000. ..UPDATED 01/13/16 *BF UPDATED 05/03/18
NHTSA complaint #10808499 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
The most recent complaints
In the owners' own words, exactly as filed with NHTSA.
Castle Rock, CO
SERVICE BRAKES
The contact owns a 2015 Nissan Leaf. The contact stated that while reversing at an undisclosed speed, the brakes failed to engage while the brake pedal was depressed. The brake and master warning lights were illuminated. The failure had occurred on several occasions; however, the contact stated that the vehicle recently failed to return to normal operation. The vehicle was taken to a dealer where it was diagnosed that the brake module booster needed to be replaced. The vehicle was not repaired. The contact researched and was made aware of NHTSA Campaign Number: 16V119000 (Service Brakes); however, the VIN was not included in the recall. The manufacturer was notified of the failure. The failure mileage was unknown.
NHTSA complaint #11756786 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Raleigh, NC
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
The car was parked in a parking lot, and when we turned it on and pulled out of the space, the brake light, ABS light, and other warning lights came on and the brakes went soft. We pulled back into the space and tried again, thinking it was a fluke and heard a strange noise coming from the car when it started. Again the lights came on and the brakes did not work. We had it towed to our normal mechanic and then to the dealership when the mechanic was unable to figure out what was wrong. The brakes looked to be in good repair. The Nissan dealership was unable to reproduce the problem and found only old codes in the system. The codes listed on the receipt were FFD high key cycle counts, C118A, U1000 (ABS, EV/HEV), P3195, B29C1 However, after I saw similar complaints related to the battery in this car and told them about it, they found that the 12V battery was leaking. They replaced the battery and flushed the brake line to be safe, but did not charge us the diagnostic fee since they were unsure if they fully fixed the issue. I had recently felt like the brakes took more pressure than normal (all the way to the floor) to stop on the highway once recently and so did my husband but we both thought we were imagining things. 2 years ago we had a similar issue happen but the mechanic just sent us back home after not being able to find anything. The codes on the receipt from 2024 are not very legible but I think they say "41000Gn Comm Circuit" "C118A EAS System" and "41100 Electronic Back Return."
NHTSA complaint #11755341 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Raleigh, NC
SERVICE BRAKES
The car was parked in a parking lot, and when we turned it on and pulled out of the space, the brake light, ABS light, and other warning lights came on and the brakes went soft. We pulled back into the space and tried again, thinking it was a fluke and heard a strange noise coming from the car when it started. Again the lights came on and the brakes did not work. We had it towed to our normal mechanic and then to the dealership when the mechanic was unable to figure out what was wrong. The brakes looked to be in good repair. The Nissan dealership was unable to reproduce the problem and found only old codes in the system. The codes listed on the receipt were FFD high key cycle counts, C118A, U1000 (ABS, EV/HEV), P3195, B29C1 However, after I saw similar complaints related to the battery in this car and told them about it, they found that the 12V battery was leaking. They replaced the battery and flushed the brake line to be safe, but did not charge us the diagnostic fee since they were unsure if they fully fixed the issue. I had recently felt like the brakes took more pressure than normal (all the way to the floor) to stop on the highway once recently and so did my husband but we both thought we were imagining things. 2 years ago we had a similar issue happen but the mechanic just sent us back home after not being able to find anything. The codes on the receipt from 2024 are not very legible but I think they say "41000Gn Comm Circuit" "C118A EAS System" and "41100 Electronic Back Return."
NHTSA complaint #11755341 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Albuquerque, NM
UNKNOWN OR OTHER
Visor on driver side fall down on face causing blockage. Paint is pealing off of vehicle.
NHTSA complaint #11733370 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Medford, NJ
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
This is the third time my brakes have failed while driving, which seems to have something to do with the 12-volt battery. At least at first, I disconnected my 12-volt battery and reconnected it; this fixed the issue, at least for a while. The other day, I was driving down a road near my house and the brakes failed right before I came around a bend. I had to quickly press the e-brake to slow down, or I would have run right off the road. This is definitely a dangerous issue. Please issue a recall for this because I've noticed many other people complaining about the same issue—the same sound, feeling, and symptoms. It appears the brakes are malfunctioning due to a communication error, or a low voltage issue to the brake computer systems?
NHTSA complaint #11733315 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Medford, NJ
SERVICE BRAKES
This is the third time my brakes have failed while driving, which seems to have something to do with the 12-volt battery. At least at first, I disconnected my 12-volt battery and reconnected it; this fixed the issue, at least for a while. The other day, I was driving down a road near my house and the brakes failed right before I came around a bend. I had to quickly press the e-brake to slow down, or I would have run right off the road. This is definitely a dangerous issue. Please issue a recall for this because I've noticed many other people complaining about the same issue—the same sound, feeling, and symptoms. It appears the brakes are malfunctioning due to a communication error, or a low voltage issue to the brake computer systems?
NHTSA complaint #11733315 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Lemont, IL
SERVICE BRAKES
Was driving the car in a neighborhood setting only going 20 mph, ABS light turned on the dashboard, traction control light or some other light regarding traction came on as well, brakes failed. Had to use parking brake to stop the vehicle.
NHTSA complaint #11704452 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Baywood-Los Osos, CA
SERVICE BRAKES
While driving normally, yellow brake warning lights came on but I arrived home without incident. Next time I drove, the warning lights were all off, but suddenly the brakes failed almost completely. I pushed the pedal to the floor and heard a grinding/clicking sound, and barely any stopping power. I was only going 25 mph, and was able to stop after 5 seconds of high foot pressure. At the same time, red brake warning light came on. I was able to get the car home very slowly, and strangely I had adequate braking power for the remainder of the short trip (although red and yellow brake warning lights remain on). I am happy to provide the car for inspection. This was extremely dangerous to the nearby pedestrians because I could not have stopped the vehicle had one been crossing in front of me. Had this happened at highway speeds, my passenger and I would have been in great danger, as would have other vehicles.
NHTSA complaint #11703566 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Scarborough, ME
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
My Intelligent Brake Unit failed. I was slowing down at a major intersection to stop. The ABS system activated and the brakes did not respond appropriately. The pedal went soft. Multiple lights on the dashboard lit up. My two year old child was in the vehicle with me, and we are still recovering from this traumatic experience. I considered the car disabled and had it towed to a mechanic. I then brought it to a Nissan dealership who identified that the entire intelligent brake unit needs replacing for $5,500, which is more than half of what I paid for the vehicle.
NHTSA complaint #11675807 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Scarborough, ME
SERVICE BRAKES
My Intelligent Brake Unit failed. I was slowing down at a major intersection to stop. The ABS system activated and the brakes did not respond appropriately. The pedal went soft. Multiple lights on the dashboard lit up. My two year old child was in the vehicle with me, and we are still recovering from this traumatic experience. I considered the car disabled and had it towed to a mechanic. I then brought it to a Nissan dealership who identified that the entire intelligent brake unit needs replacing for $5,500, which is more than half of what I paid for the vehicle.
NHTSA complaint #11675807 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Douglasville, GA
UNKNOWN OR OTHER
My 2015 Nissan Leaf is suffering from advanced battery degradation. The car would only charge to 55 miles per charge. The car also has only 85,000 miles only. Nissan refused to address or fix the issue as the car was past the 7 year warranty (even though the book says 8 year warranty). Battery should still go to 150 miles per charge. Dealership claimed degradation from charging at super chargers. Car has only ever been charge at home as it is only driven 2 - 3,000 miles per year. Car stopped in the middle of the highway. Police had to come move to the side of the road. No one was injured although many could have been.
NHTSA complaint #11661505 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Douglasville, GA
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
My 2015 Nissan Leaf is suffering from advanced battery degradation. The car would only charge to 55 miles per charge. The car also has only 85,000 miles only. Nissan refused to address or fix the issue as the car was past the 7 year warranty (even though the book says 8 year warranty). Battery should still go to 150 miles per charge. Dealership claimed degradation from charging at super chargers. Car has only ever been charge at home as it is only driven 2 - 3,000 miles per year. Car stopped in the middle of the highway. Police had to come move to the side of the road. No one was injured although many could have been.
NHTSA complaint #11661505 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
South Portland, ME
SERVICE BRAKES
I was driving about 30mph and suddenly out of nowhere my brakes went out. They went out for about 1 second and some lights went out - then I slammed on the brakes, skidded to a halt and stopped in the. middle of the road, nearly crashing. We took it to the garage and they ran two codes and told us to take it to the dealer. The dealer quoted us about $8,000 and said it needed to "replace electrically driven brake control unit AND e-harness (engine room harness) (240123nh1d)". This makes the car dangerous to drive due to failures beyond our control or regular maintenance. This is a car failure and should be covered by a recall. It is simply not safe to drive. Looking online, this has happened to other Nissan Leafs of the same year/model as well.
NHTSA complaint #11653633 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Vancouver, WA
SERVICE BRAKES
I was driving my vehicle and the brakes suddenly stopped working. Upon failure, the ABS warning light as well as the braking system warning lights came on. I had to use my emergency brake to stop the vehicle. I had my vehicle towed to Nissan. The Nissan dealership mechanic said it was a Master Cylinder Brake Controller malfunction. It is currently at the dealership and available for inspection. The cost to repair the brake system exceeds the value of the car. This put my safety at risk because I could not safely stop my vehicle. I was minutes away from merging onto the freeway. Had I been traveling at high speeds without any braking system, my life and others would have been at risk.
NHTSA complaint #11635776 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Hyrum, UT
SERVICE BRAKES
Driving normally when the brake light, abs light, and traction control light came on.Brakes were unresponsiveness unless brake pedal was fully depressed causing a the ABS brakes to engage. This caused difficulty stopping and was required to use parking brake to slow down. Restarted vehicle several times but problem persisted. Nissan dealership stated that the intelligent braking system needed to be replaced as that is what their computer stated as all the codes indicated that the module was defective. Codes and diagnostic report attached.
NHTSA complaint #11624638 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Shrewsbury, MA
VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL
Unintended Acceleration: Vehicle continue to accelerate even after the gas pedal is released or not slow down as expected.
NHTSA complaint #11612465 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Shrewsbury, MA
UNKNOWN OR OTHER
Unintended Acceleration: Vehicle continue to accelerate even after the gas pedal is released or not slow down as expected.
NHTSA complaint #11612465 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Shrewsbury, MA
ENGINE
Unintended Acceleration: Vehicle continue to accelerate even after the gas pedal is released or not slow down as expected.
NHTSA complaint #11612465 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Mountlake Terrace, WA
SERVICE BRAKES
The intelligent braking system control unit failed. The car is available for inspection, it is at the dealership for repair. I was driving downhill, towards a busy intersection and without any warning, there was no braking when I pushed the brake pedal. It was my two young children and myself in the car, we drove straight through a crosswalk (luckily empty), and towards a very busy intersection (luckily slightly uphill so we were able to stop in time). I cannot imagine what could have happened if losing our brakes would have happened any other time. We could have easily been injured or killed, as well as someone else. The problem has been confirmed by the dealer. The vehicle has been inspected by the local dealer and service center, same one the vehicle was purchased from. No warnings, messages, or other symptoms whatsoever. Afterwards, the ABS warning lights did come on.
NHTSA complaint #11608903 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
at 34,000 milesSitka, AK
SERVICE BRAKES
The contact owns a 2015 Nissan Leaf. While in the driveway of the residence, the contact started the vehicle with his foot on the brake pedal; however, the vehicle rolled. The contact depressed the brake pedal to the floor, but the vehicle continued rolling until it struck a rock wall. The failure occurred without warning. There were several unknown warning lights illuminated. There were no injuries sustained. There was no Police report filed. The vehicle was taken to an independent mechanic where the vehicle was diagnosed with an electrical failure, and that the brake booster had failed. The vehicle was not repaired due to a dealer not being in the area where the contact resides. The contact referenced NHTSA Campaign Number: 16V119000 (Service Brakes) as a possible solution however, the VIN was not included in the recall. The manufacturer was notified of the failure. The failure mileage was approximately 34,000.
NHTSA complaint #11579337 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Irvine, CA
SERVICE BRAKES
Brakes did not engage when depressing the brake pedal. No warning lights in the dash. Car was used a few hours prior with no issues. No other warnings of the failure occurred before or during my attempt to brake, aside from the lack of braking action. Occurred at a stop sign cross traffic, I turned into oncoming traffic, cutting off the other car but avoiding a collision. I confirmed the brakes did not work at the subsequent stop light, used parking brakes to stop at the side of the road. Minimal braking action seem to be present when I fully depress the brake pedal. Brakes worked normally the next day. Dealer service center states the intelligent brake control unit needs to be replaced for $5000, which is around the current value of the vehicle.
NHTSA complaint #11579101 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Kailua, HI
SERVICE BRAKES
Brake pedal goes to the floor with no braking power. Grinding sounds, then finally brakes engage, but feels like the emergency brake. Super dangeraous, happened on the freeway. Checked 12v battery, based on what I read on line, battery had and still has strong charge. Next day, brakes work just fine. No problems. Happened again on highway a few days later, again, no braking power until just at the end, cant drive the car at any speed now, battery still fine. No cold weather here (unlike the many other 2015 leaf owners reporting the same issue. All dash warning lamps come on. Again, car drives fine the next day. Nissan denies any recall being needed, despite the hundreds of reports of similar dangerous problems.
NHTSA complaint #11556300 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Langley, DC
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Warning lights, abs light and brake light illuminated out of nowhere. Unable to brake. Used a lot of force to get the car to slow down. Dealership inspected and said module short circuited.
NHTSA complaint #11555113 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Langley, DC
SERVICE BRAKES
Warning lights, abs light and brake light illuminated out of nowhere. Unable to brake. Used a lot of force to get the car to slow down. Dealership inspected and said module short circuited.
NHTSA complaint #11555113 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.
Sandy, UT
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
What component or system failed or malfunctioned, and is it available for inspection upon request? The electronic braking system seems to have randomly failed due to some electrical glitch. Mechanically the braking system works fine but during this incident the ABS system kicked in causing the car to shutter and the brake petal went to the floor with 0 braking power. Was forced to put the car in Park and apply the emergency brake in the middle of the road in traffic to ensure it would stop. Cycled the car on and off multiple times to see if that would help reset the car but the problem persisted. How was your safety or the safety of others put at risk? Putting other drivers on the road at risk if we were not able to stop the car could have caused property damage and personal injury to others on the road and my family who was in the car. Has the problem been reproduced or confirmed by a dealer or independent service center? The problem has been reproduced 3 times but the last time being more severe and power cycling the car didn’t correct the issue like the prior two incidents. Has the vehicle or component been inspected by the manufacturer, police, insurance representatives or others? The vehicle is going to be inspected by myself and possibly the manufacturers dealership depending on my findings. Were there any warning lamps, messages or other symptoms of the problem prior to the failure, and when did they first appear? There was no prior warning all warnings come inline with the brake failure.
NHTSA complaint #11546150 — an unverified report by a vehicle owner.